- Last Updated on 01 March 2013
- By Stuart Alan Becker
- When Tauch Ngam Youra arrived in Vientiane, Laos as part of the ACLEDA team, he noticed a cultural difference between Khmer and Lao people right away.
The date was December 31, 2007. He already knew the Thai language which made the Lao language easier to learn.
Luckily, a Lao lady from the Women’s Union Training Center helped the ACLEDA team locate itself in temporary offices. Another lucky break was that 35 students had come from Cambodia to study at a Lao university. Those students helped promote ACLEDA Bank in Laos.
“We set up temporary offices by renting a room in the training center,” Tauch said. “They came to meet us and then we tried to explain how we came to Laos and our purpose to expand our brand and network in Laos.”
Tauch said that, at the time, the big challenge was to find qualified people who could speak English, understand the differences in the culture and build trust.
“We had interviews with newspapers,” he said.
Tauch studied the Lao language in a 15 hour course and soon became able to read and speak Lao.
A big challenge in those early days was to build trust with the Central Bank of Laos in order for them to issue ACLEDA Bank a licence.
Following six months of work, they were granted their commercial banking licence in August of 2008.
The challenge that followed was to transfer the ACLEDA team’s skills to the new Lao recruits.
One difference was that the Lao workers were not accustomed to getting to work as early as the Cambodians.
“There was a change of the culture and a change of the working time. It was hard for us to push people to get up early in the morning.”
With a risk portfolio that differed from that of Cambodia, including default rates of up to 10 per cent on loans, they set out to bring Lao people into the Cambodian ACLEDA Bank culture.
Tauch said they also changed the culture regarding under-the-table money to zero tolerance.
“We provide loans without personal benefit and we get trust by providing good service to them. This is one-stop service. People feel happy because they never saw service like this.”
ACLEDA Bank started out in Laos providing small loans to green grocers, small businesses, farmers, fishermen and tuk-tuk drivers.
ACLEDA then expanded their banking business across the three largest cities: Vientiane, Savannakhet and Pakse.
The original 2008 ACLEDA Lao team consisted of 12 experts including Tauch - then a brand manager. Leading the team was Vann Saroeun, who served as President and Managing Director of ACLEDA Bank Laos. Today, the CEO is Phon Narin.
“We provided training, coaching and mentoring of credit officers. That’s the way we train, working closely with people who are on the job,” Tauch said.
Another key to success in Laos, as well as Myanmar, was supporting the training of the entire industry, even if they were competitors.
“We provided training to Laos two times, cooperating with the German government cooperation organization GIZ, as well as international organizations to support microfinance activity in Laos in general,” Tauch said.
In terms of a team, we were working very closely together, with a strong team and strong relationships with involved ministries especially with the Central Bank of Laos.
Born in 1959, Tauch’s father was a doctor and his mother was a nurse. He lost both of them during the Pol Pot regime and grew up as an orphan. He spent time in Pursat Province during the Khmer Rouge period, learning to survive in the jungle.
Tauch first joined ACLEDA Bank in January 1998, having earlier worked for a branch of the National Bank of Cambodia. From his initial job as an accountant, Tauch steadily rose through the ranks, becoming a credit official in 1982 - a position he held until 1998 when he started at ACLEDA’s micro loan office. He worked his way up to medium loan officer, then internal auditor and district team leader before becoming brand manager for the Laos office in Vientiane.
Tauch said his priorities were to build trust between the manager and the subordinates and, essentially, provide staff with training.
“Staff commitment building is a big thing. Inside we respect the competency of the leader, but outside we are also friends. This is our working culture, which is very important, and the main point of ACLEDA working culture is that we recruit people without involving any money spent for the recruitment process.”
Tauch says the strong recruitment policy also included empowering women.
“We come to share our experience, to transfer our success to them and let them lead the bank by themselves,” he said.
Today ACLEDA Bank employs more than 500 people in Laos with 28 bank branches across the country.
Tauch has now been in Laos for two years and serves as head of training for the ACLEDA Training Center Ltd.
“I love to transfer skills to people according to my long experience,” he said. Tauch uses the “real case in a real place” as a motto of the training system.
Last November, ACLEDA Training Center put on a “Microfinance Winter Academy” in Siem Reap with 29 participants from 12 countries.
Chhan Ponloeu, president and managing director of ACLEDA Training Center Ltd. said it was through ACLEDA training that Lao people realised that sharing experience provided good information whether someone was a competitor or not.
When recruited staff joins ACLEDA, they undergo a five-day training program. Trainees are also evaluated on attitude. More skilled positions take 15 days, and credit officer and teller program positions take three weeks.
“If they pass, they can get a contract. We charge the bank, and they pay us. We hire resources from the bank, and have some resources to provide training, and we pay the bank for resources.
Laotians were invited to Cambodia where they took classes at ACLEDA Training Center in Tuol Kork. The same process is going on for people from Myanmar right now. Recently, a training session was completed in Naypyidaw.
Another important component in ACLEDA’s success is morality training in which staffs members are required to show gratitude for their parents because the parents guarantee that they are good people, according to Tauch.
“We get it right from the parents during the home visit of the recruitment process and show people how to pay gratitude to their parents.”
- “This is the way we build our gratitude. We have to stand up and show respect and gratitude to our parents.”
Nineteen per cent of ACLEDA Bank shares are owned by ACLEDA staff, an important psychological point for staff motivation, Tauch said. “We are the owners and we have a sense of ownership – not only of the bank, but the policy as well. We develop our policy from the bottom to the top,” he said.
ACLEDA Bank CEO In Channy said there were very few commercial banks in Laos and that competing with the state-owned bank presented a challenge.
“We needed to build our presence and capacity and financial product tailor-made to low income people in Laos. Most Lao customers had never used bank products and financial services before,” In Channy said, adding that the goal was for an ACLEDA Bank branch to reach the Lao border with China in 2017.
“At ACLEDA bank we promote transparency in banking and finance, and we want our partners [to be] transparent to us and we want to build a strong bond with them.”
Thursday, 7 March 2013
Morality training key to success
No CPP, no development: Hun Sen
- Last Updated on 06 March 2013
- By Vong Sokheng
- Prime Minister Hun Sen warned voters participating in the upcoming national elections in July that if they fail to keep his Cambodian People’s Party in power, he will cancel planned development projects.Speaking to approximately 4,000 students, villagers and Buddhist monks at the groundbreaking ceremony for a road-widening project on National Road 6A in Kampong Cham province, he also said that a loss could put at risk even the tools and supplies that the CPP contributes to the populace.In particular, he placed several ongoing bridge projects in Stung Treng and Koh Kong provinces as well as the capital’s Chroy Changva II bridge on the post-election chopping block.“I am sure that if people no longer need me … I have no reason to help you [people] in the future, but I believe that people will not give up existing achievement within their hands as the opposition party has never done anything for people,” he said.Son Chhay, an opposition lawmaker speaking on behalf of the newly formed Cambodia National Rescue Party, called the comments in the speech a scare tactic intended to garner more votes.He added that he had never heard of a single government that froze development projects in response to a shift in power.“In general, there is no country in the world that cancels its existing government projects if it loses in an election, and the message made by premiere just intimidates voters,” Chhay said.If the Cambodia National Rescue Party were to take control, he said officials would take a look at existing projects to ensure all of them are being carried out transparently.Lao Mong Hay, an independence political analyst, agreed with Chhay, and said that a change in leadership would probably not result in a mass cancellation of construction work.“This is a threat and intimidation. It looks too stupid to cancel the existing national development project [when you lose in an election],” Mong Hay said.Koul Panha, executive director of local election monitor the Committee for Fair and Free Elections in Cambodia, said it was not unexpected in the run-up to an election for parties to start pushing their political platforms and advertising their achievements.
Tuesday, 26 February 2013
Tourism surges in Cambodia
- Last Updated on 26 February 2013
- By Daniel de Carteret
The most significant increases came from the Kingdom’s closest neighbours.
Laos nearly doubled in visitor numbers to over 250,000 and Thailand, which had declined year on year in 2011 by 21.7 per cent, increased in 2012 by 72.5 per cent to over 200,000 visitors.
Visitors from Vietnam account for the largest group coming to Cambodia, making up 21 per cent of total visitors in 2012.
Tith Chantha, director general of the Ministry of Tourism, said improved transport and rising incomes across ASEAN are increasing travel options for Cambodia and its neighbours.
“Vietnam is number one, but Laos and Thailand are also now increasing because of ease of travel and low visa [restrictions], so neighbouring countries can come any time,” he said.
“Cambodians also go to those countries. Many tourists go to Thailand and to Laos. This intra-regional travel is [happening] more and more.”
This represents a trend across ASEAN, with an increase of 37.5 per cent from 2011 to 2012 of over 1.51 million tourists.
Sinan Thourn, chairman of the Pacific Asia Travel Association, said improved political relations and lighter travel restrictions inter-regionally have had a large impact.
“In the past before 2008, arrivals from Thailand were quite good, but then we had the problems along the borders and it decreased. But after the Pheu Thai win in the general election in Thailand, you have seen the numbers increasing,” he said.
“Due to the policies opening up ASEAN countries, all the ASEAN countries [enable] moving in and out more easily. This will be a key in increasing tourism from ASEAN countries,” he added.
Cambodia continues to be very popular with Chinese tourists, with nearly 334,000 visitors arriving in 2012, an increase of 35.1 per cent from the previous year.
While Europe made just up just17.1 per cent of total visitors in 2012, the rate of increase was up slightly from 10.9 per cent in 2011 to 12.6 per cent in 2012.
Chantha said, “Numbers of Europeans have increased, if you take Russia, for example, it increased around 50 per cent. France, Germany and UK have [also] increased, but the share [of European visitors] is down because the share of the Asia-Pacific is up.”
Letter to editor: Melissa Cockroft
- Last Updated on 19 February 2013
- By Melissa Cockroft
Dear editor,
Valentine’s Day 2013 again saw debate rage in the media about the negative influence of “Western culture”, the importance of Cambodian women maintaining their virginity and the subsequent actions by local authorities.
Valentine’s Day 2013 again saw debate rage in the media about the negative influence of “Western culture”, the importance of Cambodian women maintaining their virginity and the subsequent actions by local authorities.
In regard to the issue of culture, when asked what their plans were
to celebrate the day, young people seemed quick to comment: “It’s not
our tradition”; “It’s not related to Cambodian culture at all” (Lift,
February 13).
But whether Cambodians like it or not, Valentine’s Day is becoming a
part of Cambodian culture, and the way it is currently interpreted – as
the day to lose your virginity - is a uniquely Cambodian cultural
creation.
A simple internet search will show that the origins of Valentine’s
Day, although European, were not specifically related to sex or losing
one’s virginity.
In “Western” culture, which is typically blamed for Valentine’s Day’s
“scourge” on Cambodian society, the day has largely been taken over by
marketing and advertising agencies as a day for sharing “romance” with
your loved one(s) through hallmark cards, chocolates, flowers and
candle-lit dinners for two that, in turn, may lead to sex, but is not
the essence of the day as it seems to be re-interpreted in Cambodia.
While the almost universal disregard for the possibility that Valentine’s Day, as currently celebrated in Cambodia, could be anything but “Cambodian” is frustrating, what is more worrying is the response by local authorities.
Reports of municipal police and local authorities staking out
guesthouses and patrolling the streets for “young lovers” is an
infringement of individual rights to mobility and sexual autonomy.
As experience with groups such as sex workers in Cambodia has shown,
policing and “crackdowns” on perceived anti-social behaviour merely
pushes the behaviour underground, creating an environment in which risky
sexual behaviour, exposure to sexually transmitted infections,
HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, abortion and exposure to violence are more
likely to occur.
As a result of these lessons learned, the Cambodian Ministry of
Health and local authorities have adopted a harm-reduction approach
through education and health-care provision, which has been more
effective in halting the spread of HIV/AIDS than arrests and harassment.
A similar harm-reduction approach whereby providing young people with
access to information, contraception and youth-friendly healthcare
services would be far more effective at minimising potentially risky
behaviour than stationing commune officials outside guesthouses.
Finally, as Keo Kounila’s excellent article “How the Kingdom could
show more love” (Phnom Penh Post 7Days, February 15) accurately pointed
out, young people are engaging in sex, not only on Valentine’s Day but
on every other day of the year too.
Although the Ministry of Education and others encouraged women to
“not give away their virginity”, young men’s involvement was almost
completely ignored.
The few times men did appear, it was usually as a warning for young
women through simplistic examples such as “Dara”, whose voice alone
causes women to give in to his sexual advances (“Dara and his many
girlfriends”, Lift, February13) .
While not denying that cases such as these exist, focusing on the
worst characters of society denies the existence of more positive role
models and examples of loving, healthy sexual relationships.
Although the role of young men in Cambodian society needs to be
further highlighted, the role of young women’s agency, rather than
vulnerability, also needs to be emphasized.
It needs to be acknowledged that the decision to have sex doesn’t
just occur because it’s Valentine’s Day, but is a part of often-complex
human relationships.
It’s important that we empower young women and men with the tools and
knowledge to protect themselves from both potentially harmful sexually
transmitted diseases and the effects of unintended pregnancy, but also
with the emotional maturity to know when they’re ready to have sex and
be able to refuse sex when they feel they’re not.
It’s also time to acknowledge that young Cambodian men and women are
having sex, and that this is a normal, healthy expression of female and
male sexuality, not an imposed Western construct.
Instead of encouraging young women to remain chaste, the Ministry of
Education would be better off focusing their efforts on developing a
curriculum that provides comprehensive sexual and reproductive health
information and to establish the foundation for building caring sexual
relationships.
As for the Phnom Penh municipal police and local authorities, they
would be better placed focusing their efforts on patrolling the streets
for real acts of crime, not the act of sex.
Melissa Cockroft
mkcockroft@gmail.com
Melissa Cockroft
mkcockroft@gmail.com
Free IELTS Masterclass for IELTS Candidates in Cambodia
- Last Updated on 19 February 2013
- By Sreng Mao
English has more and more become a language that provides an avenue
for overseas scholarships, work, business and other opportunities
internationally.
The vast majority of scholarships available to Cambodians have English language proficiency as an eligibility requirement - quite often demonstrated through the IELTS test.
Universities in Australia, Canada, the UK, the USA or New Zealand usually require their students to have an IELTS score of 6.5 or above.
Therefore scholarships to these countries available to Cambodians every year require the same band score for direct entry into universities or an IELTS score of at least 5.0 with further English language training provided.
IELTS is the world’s leading English language test for higher education and migration. More than 7,000 universities, government bodies and professional organisations in over 135 countries accept IELTS scores. IELTS is jointly owned by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations.
IELTS tests all four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. IELTS is available in two test formats: Academic and General Training. The Academic format is, broadly speaking, for those who want to study or train in an English-speaking university or institutions of higher and further education. Admission to undergraduate and postgraduate courses is based on the results of the Academic test.
The General Training format focuses on basic survival skills in broad
social and workplace contexts. It is typically for those who are going
to English-speaking countries to do secondary education, work experience
or training programs. People migrating to Australia, Canada and New
Zealand must sit the General Training test.
The IELTS has a nine band score system and the test score is valid for two years.
For those who want to understand more about IELTS in order to apply for scholarships or to study overseas, they are welcome to come to the IELTS Masterclass which will be conducted by the Cambodia IELTS test centre.
These classes are open to the public at no cost to participants.
For more information on IELTS or about the IELTS Masterclass visit the Cambodia IDP website.
Sunday, 17 February 2013
GERMANY: New education and research minister sworn in after Schavan resigns
Michael Gardner15 February 2013 Issue No:259
Christian Democrat Johanna Wanka was sworn in as Germany’s new education and research minister on 14 February. Wanka succeeds Annette Schavan, who announced last weekend that she would resign, after being tripped up by a plagiarism affair.
Higher education in Germany has taken a bashing following a string of plagiarism scandals, culminating in the previous education minister being stripped of her doctoral title by the University of Dรผsseldorf earlier this month.
Schavan announced her resignation after a panel investigating her PhD thesis found she was guilty of “deliberate deception” in using text that was not properly attributed. She said she would take legal action against the university’s decision and that the allegations “have hurt me deeply”.
New minister Wanka (61) seeks to boost the reputation of higher education by granting institutions maximum autonomy and promoting their ability to control their own affairs.
Wanka can boast considerable experience in higher education politics, having served as minister of higher education and research under a Social Democrat-Christian Democrat coalition government in Brandenburg for nearly 10 years and having been appointed for the same office in Lower Saxony under a Christian Democrat-Free Democrat coalition in 2010.
With talks in progress on a new Social Democrat-Green Party coalition government in Lower Saxony following recent elections, Wanka will almost certainly lose her current post there anyway.
Wanka comes from Rosenfeld, Saxony, in East Germany. She studied mathematics and obtained her doctorate in 1980. She was a member of the civil rights movement in the then German Democratic Republic, and joined the Christian Democratic Union in 2001.
She has been a staunch supporter of tuition fees, although Lower Saxony is one of the few federal states that have retained fees so far.
State governments are calling for a €4 billion (US$5.3 billion) support package to compensate for a drastic surge in student numbers brought about by the end of conscription and double cohorts of school-leavers due to the introduction of shorter higher secondary education.
With Minister of Finance Wolfgang Schรคuble, a fellow Christian Democrat, pursuing a strict austerity policy in federal spending, and facing a Social Democrat-Green majority in state governments, Wanka could have little leeway for new measures.
And she may have little time as well, with federal elections set for September.
Schavan’s departure came as a setback for German Chancellor Angela Merkel ahead of elections. She is the second member of Merkel’s cabinet to have resigned over plagiarism – former defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg left his post in 2011.
Higher education in Germany has taken a bashing following a string of plagiarism scandals, culminating in the previous education minister being stripped of her doctoral title by the University of Dรผsseldorf earlier this month.
Schavan announced her resignation after a panel investigating her PhD thesis found she was guilty of “deliberate deception” in using text that was not properly attributed. She said she would take legal action against the university’s decision and that the allegations “have hurt me deeply”.
New minister Wanka (61) seeks to boost the reputation of higher education by granting institutions maximum autonomy and promoting their ability to control their own affairs.
Wanka can boast considerable experience in higher education politics, having served as minister of higher education and research under a Social Democrat-Christian Democrat coalition government in Brandenburg for nearly 10 years and having been appointed for the same office in Lower Saxony under a Christian Democrat-Free Democrat coalition in 2010.
With talks in progress on a new Social Democrat-Green Party coalition government in Lower Saxony following recent elections, Wanka will almost certainly lose her current post there anyway.
Wanka comes from Rosenfeld, Saxony, in East Germany. She studied mathematics and obtained her doctorate in 1980. She was a member of the civil rights movement in the then German Democratic Republic, and joined the Christian Democratic Union in 2001.
She has been a staunch supporter of tuition fees, although Lower Saxony is one of the few federal states that have retained fees so far.
State governments are calling for a €4 billion (US$5.3 billion) support package to compensate for a drastic surge in student numbers brought about by the end of conscription and double cohorts of school-leavers due to the introduction of shorter higher secondary education.
With Minister of Finance Wolfgang Schรคuble, a fellow Christian Democrat, pursuing a strict austerity policy in federal spending, and facing a Social Democrat-Green majority in state governments, Wanka could have little leeway for new measures.
And she may have little time as well, with federal elections set for September.
Schavan’s departure came as a setback for German Chancellor Angela Merkel ahead of elections. She is the second member of Merkel’s cabinet to have resigned over plagiarism – former defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg left his post in 2011.
UNITED STATES: A decade of publishing: PLOS is stronger than ever
Geoff Maslen16 February 2013 Issue No:259
One of the earliest open access science journals, PLOS, is
celebrating its 10th anniversary with a year-long series of events to
“recognise and advance the innovations brought about through the
adoption of open access publishing”. The activities will be aimed at
members of the scientific community and the public at large.
The PLOS story began in 2000 when its founders set out to tackle the lack of access to the majority of scientific research, which was then published behind pay walls. They startled the American academic science establishment with a petition calling for open access to research findings.
Two years later, the team established a new entity called the non-profit Public Library of Science, now known as PLOS, an open access model, and launched its first journal, PLOS Biology. This was followed over the next decade by six other science periodicals that are among the most widely read around the globe.
The organisers say PLOS will partner with media organisations to demonstrate “the many ways in which biomedical research published on an open access platform can affect peoples’ lives for the better”.
Using monthly online dialogues, leading advocates will be invited to take part in conversations to look ahead at the possible future of open access scientific discovery and publishing.
“Additional offerings during our 10th anniversary year will include programmes to increase adoption of open access, deliver more innovations in publishing and expand peer-review, including pre-and post-publication,” the journal editors say.
“Our vision is to help the research community build a truly open, distributed, and reusable public repository of ideas and data.”
Among the events listed on the Official PLOS Blog, Twitter and Facebook are:
The PLOS story began in 2000 when its founders set out to tackle the lack of access to the majority of scientific research, which was then published behind pay walls. They startled the American academic science establishment with a petition calling for open access to research findings.
Two years later, the team established a new entity called the non-profit Public Library of Science, now known as PLOS, an open access model, and launched its first journal, PLOS Biology. This was followed over the next decade by six other science periodicals that are among the most widely read around the globe.
The organisers say PLOS will partner with media organisations to demonstrate “the many ways in which biomedical research published on an open access platform can affect peoples’ lives for the better”.
Using monthly online dialogues, leading advocates will be invited to take part in conversations to look ahead at the possible future of open access scientific discovery and publishing.
“Additional offerings during our 10th anniversary year will include programmes to increase adoption of open access, deliver more innovations in publishing and expand peer-review, including pre-and post-publication,” the journal editors say.
“Our vision is to help the research community build a truly open, distributed, and reusable public repository of ideas and data.”
Among the events listed on the Official PLOS Blog, Twitter and Facebook are:
- Reinventing Science: Stories of open discovery: A multimedia
series consisting of feature articles, research summaries and podcasts
that profile researchers tapping into the knowledge of open access
journals and collections to help accelerate their own research and
enhance collaboration with peers around the globe.
- PLOS Conversations on Open Access: Hosted by Cameron
Neylon, this regular podcast will round up the latest happenings and
discussions about open access, open research, and open data.
- More About “How Open Is It?”: The conversation has moved from “is it open?” to “how open is it?” and to continue this discussion, PLOS
will unveil new resources and tools that help authors, readers and
funders understand the benefits of open access and how to apply
components of the HowOpenIsIt? Open Access Spectrum at the article and journal level.
- Article-level Metrics: Through ongoing forums, live and virtual events, and other activities, PLOS
will continue to make advances in article-level metrics and other
mechanisms for broadening peer review to include post-publication impact
indicators, along with better tools for assessing, organising and
reusing research ideas and data.
- The PLOS Journals: In 2013, PLOS Medicine turns its attention to non-communicable diseases and the burden of disease they cause, while PLOS ONE continues its growth as the world’s largest peer reviewed journal.
UNITED STATES: Why graduates are underemployed and overeducated
Deseret News16 February 2013 Issue No:259
When Barack Obama first became president, he set the goal of increasing
America’s college graduation rate to 60% by 2020. But the idea of
working towards becoming a nation of college graduates has a major
problem, according to a report by the Center for College Affordability
and Productivity, writes Michael De Groote for Deseret News. There are not enough jobs that require a college degree.
Analysing 2010 data from the US Department of Labor, the report finds that of the 41.7 million working college graduates, barely half (51.9%) are working in jobs that require a bachelor degree or higher. Thirty-seven percent are in jobs that require a high school diploma or less. The rest (11.1%) are in jobs that require some post-secondary training such as an associate's degree.
In other words, there are 13 million college graduates working in jobs that don't require a bachelor degree or more.
Analysing 2010 data from the US Department of Labor, the report finds that of the 41.7 million working college graduates, barely half (51.9%) are working in jobs that require a bachelor degree or higher. Thirty-seven percent are in jobs that require a high school diploma or less. The rest (11.1%) are in jobs that require some post-secondary training such as an associate's degree.
In other words, there are 13 million college graduates working in jobs that don't require a bachelor degree or more.
When Barack Obama first became President four years
ago, he set a goal to increase the nation's college graduation rate to
60 percent by 2020. The idea of working towards becoming a nation of
college graduates, however, has a major problem according to a new report by the Center for College Affordability & Productivity.
There are not enough jobs that require a college degree.
Analyzing 2010 data from the U.S. Department of Labor, the report finds that of the 41.7 million working college graduates, barely half (51.9 percent) are working in jobs that require a bachelor's degree or higher. Thirty-seven percent are in jobs that require a high-school diploma or less. The rest (11.1 percent) are in jobs that require some postsecondary training such as an associate's degree.
In other words, there are 13 million college graduates working in jobs that don't require a bachelor's degree or more.
The problem was driven home for the report's lead author, economist Richard Vedder, when he needed some yard work done. "One day I had some guy cut down a tree," he says. "He had a master's degree in history."
So Vedder, the senior author of the report and director of CCAP, says he started to research the phenomenon of underemployed graduates — eventually leading to the report.
Number of graduates soars
It wasn't always this way. In 2010 the proportion of adults with degrees was 30 percent. This is five times higher than six decades ago. In the 50s or 60s the percentage of college graduates was in the single digits.
"When I started teaching in the (1960s) going to college was still a somewhat unusual, slightly elitist thing to do," says Vedder, who is a Distinguished Professor of Economics Emeritus at Ohio University. "Almost all graduates got a pretty good job. Even graduates in middle-quality state schools always got jobs."
While the number of college graduates has soared, the jobs that require that expertise hasn't — forcing an increasing number of graduates to take jobs that historically didn't require a lot of education.
It turns out, for example, that 15.4 percent of taxi drivers have college degrees, 12.9 percent of parking lot attendants have at least a bachelor's degree and 24.6 percent of retail sales people have at least a bachelor's degree.
Earnings premium
Other studies (such as one at Georgetown University) have shown the earnings premium of college degrees. College graduates simply earn more than those who have just a high school diploma. This increase in potential income is seen to justify the expense of spending money on getting a degree.
The CCAP's report, however, says that although many benefit economically from going to college, there are still many that do not achieve those gains. Employers simply do not need as many college graduates as the colleges are cranking out.
The study says this "over-credentialing" of the population may also mean that society may be "over-investing" in higher education instead of looking at alternatives such as vocational training.
"Can you predict ahead of time if going to college is a good idea for someone?" Vedder says. "Yes, for a good number of people."
For example, if young people are average or below average in their grades, Vedder recommends trying perhaps a community college first. If they flourish, they may wish then to transfer to a four-year institution.
"We need to be more nuanced and be careful when we say whether it is a good thing for a kid to go to college," he says.
There are not enough jobs that require a college degree.
Analyzing 2010 data from the U.S. Department of Labor, the report finds that of the 41.7 million working college graduates, barely half (51.9 percent) are working in jobs that require a bachelor's degree or higher. Thirty-seven percent are in jobs that require a high-school diploma or less. The rest (11.1 percent) are in jobs that require some postsecondary training such as an associate's degree.
In other words, there are 13 million college graduates working in jobs that don't require a bachelor's degree or more.
The problem was driven home for the report's lead author, economist Richard Vedder, when he needed some yard work done. "One day I had some guy cut down a tree," he says. "He had a master's degree in history."
So Vedder, the senior author of the report and director of CCAP, says he started to research the phenomenon of underemployed graduates — eventually leading to the report.
Number of graduates soars
It wasn't always this way. In 2010 the proportion of adults with degrees was 30 percent. This is five times higher than six decades ago. In the 50s or 60s the percentage of college graduates was in the single digits.
"When I started teaching in the (1960s) going to college was still a somewhat unusual, slightly elitist thing to do," says Vedder, who is a Distinguished Professor of Economics Emeritus at Ohio University. "Almost all graduates got a pretty good job. Even graduates in middle-quality state schools always got jobs."
While the number of college graduates has soared, the jobs that require that expertise hasn't — forcing an increasing number of graduates to take jobs that historically didn't require a lot of education.
It turns out, for example, that 15.4 percent of taxi drivers have college degrees, 12.9 percent of parking lot attendants have at least a bachelor's degree and 24.6 percent of retail sales people have at least a bachelor's degree.
Earnings premium
Other studies (such as one at Georgetown University) have shown the earnings premium of college degrees. College graduates simply earn more than those who have just a high school diploma. This increase in potential income is seen to justify the expense of spending money on getting a degree.
The CCAP's report, however, says that although many benefit economically from going to college, there are still many that do not achieve those gains. Employers simply do not need as many college graduates as the colleges are cranking out.
The study says this "over-credentialing" of the population may also mean that society may be "over-investing" in higher education instead of looking at alternatives such as vocational training.
"Can you predict ahead of time if going to college is a good idea for someone?" Vedder says. "Yes, for a good number of people."
For example, if young people are average or below average in their grades, Vedder recommends trying perhaps a community college first. If they flourish, they may wish then to transfer to a four-year institution.
"We need to be more nuanced and be careful when we say whether it is a good thing for a kid to go to college," he says.
MYANMAR: Students find hope in university revival
Voice of America16 February 2013 Issue No:259
RANGOON — Burma's universities were once
considered by many to be among the best in East Asia. But years of
mismanagement and a disastrous nationalization process left the
education system in such shambles that many students seek educational
opportunities abroad.
Since entering parliament, opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi has made restoration of Burmese schools a priority, and a new attitude towards learning has emerged among policymakers.
These Burmese students are visiting a United States college fair in Rangoon, in the hopes to attend college there. Recent political reforms that have resulted in the lifting of sanctions against Burma have made this type of event possible for the very first time.
U.S. Ambassador Derek Mitchell says he hopes Burmese students can go to the United States to get a good education, but at the same time there is a need to improve local education systems.
"Most important is for it to be indigenous, and in fact we talk about universities but there's a lot that happens before you get to university," Mitchell says. "Primary school education, secondary school education, that has to happen here."
When Burma's universities were nationalized in 1964, the government controlled curricula; subjects such as history and political science were taboo. Since reform, however, there has been an attempt to introduce classes that discuss sensitive issues such as the history of ethnic conflict in Burma.
May Nyein Chan is taking this history class that is being taught through the embassy-run American Center.
"Before I don't think I can have that, it would be something illegal," she says. "I have never gone to a field trip like this before."
Universities were at the center of student uprisings that occurred periodically over the past five decades. The government closed them down to keep students away from where they could cause harm.
Thein Lwin, a graduate of Rangoon University, has now formed a committee that will make recommendations to parliament on new education policy. He says the government needs a fundamental change in its attitude towards schools and education. But, he adds, it will take time to undo the damage of past governments.
"Students should be allowed to form freely student union, the student representative should participate in the university governing body," he says. "University should be a place for criticizing the country."
In the meantime, students who hope to be able to continue their education, still want to leave the country.
Since entering parliament, opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi has made restoration of Burmese schools a priority, and a new attitude towards learning has emerged among policymakers.
These Burmese students are visiting a United States college fair in Rangoon, in the hopes to attend college there. Recent political reforms that have resulted in the lifting of sanctions against Burma have made this type of event possible for the very first time.
U.S. Ambassador Derek Mitchell says he hopes Burmese students can go to the United States to get a good education, but at the same time there is a need to improve local education systems.
"Most important is for it to be indigenous, and in fact we talk about universities but there's a lot that happens before you get to university," Mitchell says. "Primary school education, secondary school education, that has to happen here."
When Burma's universities were nationalized in 1964, the government controlled curricula; subjects such as history and political science were taboo. Since reform, however, there has been an attempt to introduce classes that discuss sensitive issues such as the history of ethnic conflict in Burma.
May Nyein Chan is taking this history class that is being taught through the embassy-run American Center.
"Before I don't think I can have that, it would be something illegal," she says. "I have never gone to a field trip like this before."
Universities were at the center of student uprisings that occurred periodically over the past five decades. The government closed them down to keep students away from where they could cause harm.
Thein Lwin, a graduate of Rangoon University, has now formed a committee that will make recommendations to parliament on new education policy. He says the government needs a fundamental change in its attitude towards schools and education. But, he adds, it will take time to undo the damage of past governments.
"Students should be allowed to form freely student union, the student representative should participate in the university governing body," he says. "University should be a place for criticizing the country."
In the meantime, students who hope to be able to continue their education, still want to leave the country.
Friday, 15 February 2013
Malaysia: Najib treading on thin ice
By Roger Mitton
Although it should be a cinch to guess the name of the politician who
did the following things, several perceptive observers were flummoxed
when tested over the weekend.
The politician in question visited the Hamas-controlled Palestinian enclave of Gaza last month, and then went to Davos, Switzerland, to attend the World Economic Forum.
There, he told investors the threat of Islamic militancy in Southeast Asia had been nullified; yet upon returning home, he promptly had three alleged terrorists detained for subversive activities.
Soon afterwards, he was mortified to hear that Singapore’s long-ruling People’s Action Party had lost a by-election in a formerly safe seat after an anti-government swing of 13.5 per cent.
Today, he plans to attend a vote-getting Chinese New Year bash at whiche South Korean superstar Psy will perform his famous Gangnam Style dance.
No, it’s not Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, whose party does face elections soon and who did visit Egypt and Saudi Arabia last week and who attended Davos in 2011, but not this year.
No, it is Malaysia’s rather vulnerable Prime Minister Najib Razak, who must hold a general election by June 27, and who, as the above actions indicate, is now in full campaign mode.
His trip to Gaza, the first by a non-Arab Muslim leader since 2007, was provocative, dangerous, crudely geared to impress his Malay-Muslim constituents — and highly laudable.
After all, the Hamas-led government in Gaza has been in power since it was democratically elected in 2006 and has more legitimacy than some of Cambodia’s neighbours.
Predictably, the rival Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank condemned Najib’s visit, as did Western nations that noticed it; less predictably, Malaysia’s opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim did the same.
Anwar is a rather mercurial fellow. In his younger days, he was a fervent Islamist with revolutionary tendences; today his attitudes, especially his foreign policy, align more with those of the United States.
It is understandable. During his long years of detention and subsequent harassment by former PM Mahathir Mohamad’s authoritarian government, no one supported Anwar as much as the US.
But his echo of Washington’s censure of Najib’s visit to Gaza could be a major misstep.
Najib has cannily defended it as a humanitarian mission and took the opportunity to chastise Israeli belligerence and to offer scholarships to needy Palestinian students.
For a notoriously indecisive politician, it was a bold move that might, on its own, help Najib’s National Front government retain Malay heartland states like Kedah, Perak and Terengganu.
What it will not do is win over non-Malay votes.
Recent soundings are ominous for Najib for they indicate the Chinese and Indian communities will support the Anwar-led opposition.
The PM’s National Front can live with this in peninsular Malaysia where a large majority of the population is Muslim, but if it occurs in the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, then Najib will be toast.
And it could happen, for his overtures to East Malaysians have been hurt by last month’s revelations of a “citizenship-for-votes” scheme whereby hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants were given identity cards.
Last month, a commission of inquiry was told by one former official that he accepted more than $25,000 to grant citizenship to illegal Filipino, Indonesian and Pakistani Muslims who promised to vote for the National Front.
The numbers certainly support the allegation. In 1960, less than 40 per cent of Sabah’s population was Muslim; today, it is nearly 70 per cent.
How native-born Malaysians react to this vast fraud in the coming election is hard to gauge, but it is possible that the shock results in Singapore will pale beside what happens soon in Malaysia.
The politician in question visited the Hamas-controlled Palestinian enclave of Gaza last month, and then went to Davos, Switzerland, to attend the World Economic Forum.
There, he told investors the threat of Islamic militancy in Southeast Asia had been nullified; yet upon returning home, he promptly had three alleged terrorists detained for subversive activities.
Soon afterwards, he was mortified to hear that Singapore’s long-ruling People’s Action Party had lost a by-election in a formerly safe seat after an anti-government swing of 13.5 per cent.
Today, he plans to attend a vote-getting Chinese New Year bash at whiche South Korean superstar Psy will perform his famous Gangnam Style dance.
No, it’s not Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, whose party does face elections soon and who did visit Egypt and Saudi Arabia last week and who attended Davos in 2011, but not this year.
No, it is Malaysia’s rather vulnerable Prime Minister Najib Razak, who must hold a general election by June 27, and who, as the above actions indicate, is now in full campaign mode.
His trip to Gaza, the first by a non-Arab Muslim leader since 2007, was provocative, dangerous, crudely geared to impress his Malay-Muslim constituents — and highly laudable.
After all, the Hamas-led government in Gaza has been in power since it was democratically elected in 2006 and has more legitimacy than some of Cambodia’s neighbours.
Predictably, the rival Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank condemned Najib’s visit, as did Western nations that noticed it; less predictably, Malaysia’s opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim did the same.
Anwar is a rather mercurial fellow. In his younger days, he was a fervent Islamist with revolutionary tendences; today his attitudes, especially his foreign policy, align more with those of the United States.
It is understandable. During his long years of detention and subsequent harassment by former PM Mahathir Mohamad’s authoritarian government, no one supported Anwar as much as the US.
But his echo of Washington’s censure of Najib’s visit to Gaza could be a major misstep.
Najib has cannily defended it as a humanitarian mission and took the opportunity to chastise Israeli belligerence and to offer scholarships to needy Palestinian students.
For a notoriously indecisive politician, it was a bold move that might, on its own, help Najib’s National Front government retain Malay heartland states like Kedah, Perak and Terengganu.
What it will not do is win over non-Malay votes.
Recent soundings are ominous for Najib for they indicate the Chinese and Indian communities will support the Anwar-led opposition.
The PM’s National Front can live with this in peninsular Malaysia where a large majority of the population is Muslim, but if it occurs in the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, then Najib will be toast.
And it could happen, for his overtures to East Malaysians have been hurt by last month’s revelations of a “citizenship-for-votes” scheme whereby hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants were given identity cards.
Last month, a commission of inquiry was told by one former official that he accepted more than $25,000 to grant citizenship to illegal Filipino, Indonesian and Pakistani Muslims who promised to vote for the National Front.
The numbers certainly support the allegation. In 1960, less than 40 per cent of Sabah’s population was Muslim; today, it is nearly 70 per cent.
How native-born Malaysians react to this vast fraud in the coming election is hard to gauge, but it is possible that the shock results in Singapore will pale beside what happens soon in Malaysia.
Private schools on the rise in Cambodia
- Last Updated on 15 February 2013
- By Sarah Thust
-
Northbridge International School Cambodia (NISC) was originally founded in 1997 as a US school. Soon after, the management decided to develop the school to international standards and to offer a fully accredited Western curriculum. Northbridge school head Roy G Crawford talked to the Post’s Sarah Thust about the rapid growth in Cambodia’s education sector.
Roy G Crawford, school head at Northbridge International School Cambodia, poses for a portrait this week in Phnom Penh. Photograph: Ruth Keber
How big is the school at the moment?
Currently, we have 500 students that are between three and 18 years old, and 96 employees, including 53 teachers. For each student we charge US$10,000 to $18,000 per year, which is less than in other Southeast Asian countries. Those revenues we reinvest in renovation and extension, but mostly in personnel costs. We offer our teachers salaries between $30,000 and $41,000 per year. Additionally, NISC pays housing, shipping and administrative costs. However, it is a misconception that our owner, the Royal Group, takes profits from us.
Why do you pay such high salaries?
Our teachers are highly qualified and experienced international educators, so we need to offer them a worldwide competitive salary that could match Dubai or Singapore. I’ve been working for schools since 1975 and my staff has similar work experience. Many schools in Cambodia work with unqualified personnel that have no teaching experience, but NISC is authorised to deliver all three programs of the International Baccalaureate and needs to keep a high level.
The private education sector in Cambodia is growing fast. What is NISC’s experience?
We grow by about 15 to 20 per cent year-on-year. In five years, our school will have more than 900 students. However, we try to stay ahead of this growth concerning our capacity. We’ve just opened an up-to-date primary school building and want to add student housing, a performing arts centre, a bigger library and an Olympic swimming pool.
How do you explain the current boom in the private education sector?
Cambodia’s growing middle class is looking to provide their children with good education. Forty-five per cent of our students are Cambodian citizens. Some of them have lived abroad and some not. The reason why Phnom Penh has so many private schools is the low quality of public education, even though it has improved dramatically recently.
However, we don’t have many competitors. There are only four or five accredited schools in Phnom Penh, meaning that those schools are monitored and quality checked.
How long will this growth continue?
As long as the Kingdom’s economy is growing, the private education sector will grow as well. Thus, a school should not become too big. We don’t want to exceed more than 2,000 students, because we would lose our sense of community.
Tuesday, 12 February 2013
AUSTRALIA: Foreign graduates push locals out of jobs
Geoff Maslen 06 February 2013 Issue No:258
Young Australians are facing fierce and increasing competition from
foreign-born graduates for a declining number of jobs, according to a
new report.
The report says it is the Australians who are losing out, given that the 100,000 new jobs created since 2011 have been almost all taken up by migrants, many of whom are foreign students who graduated from Australian universities and have stayed on.
The study highlights the problems faced by Western countries – that have attracted high migrant numbers from Asia – when unemployment rates begin to rise.
The report says the slowdown in employment growth in Australia is starting to bite on the job situation for the local-born.
This effect is exacerbated by the federal government’s immigration policies to encourage large numbers of migrants into the country, since they have succeeded in taking up all of the net number of new jobs created in Australia over the past two years.
“This is occurring at a time when the potential workforce among young Australians continues to grow. The result is increasing unemployment, a declining level of labour force participation and, in less-skilled, entry-level occupations, ferocious competition for available jobs,” the report says.
Prepared by Dr Bob Birrell and Dr Ernest Healy of Monash University’s centre for population and urban research in Melbourne, the report says there is a strong case for the government to re-evaluate its migration policy.
“At present, the government appears to be operating on two assumptions: the first that employment growth will continue at pre-2011 rates and the second that migrants are filling important skill vacancies in the workforce.
“The recent slowdown in employment manifestly falsifies the first assumption and the poor record of recently arrived degree-qualified migrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds in gaining professional and managerial positions belies the second.”
The report says the federal government is wrong in claiming that its migration programme is importing “a highly educated addition to the nation’s skilled workforce” to help fill skill vacancies.
In a study of more than 200,000 immigrants who arrived in Australia since 2011 and their workforce participation, Birrell and Healy found that most graduates from non-English-speaking countries were employed in occupations in sub-professional fields, mainly in community and personal service, and clerical and administrative fields.
The Monash researchers looked at the largest group of recently arrived skilled migrants, which included significant numbers of overseas students who graduated from Australian universities. They say that if the migrants held skills needed in Australia, this should show up in a strong record of employment in managerial and professional positions.
This group is of particular interest because of the government’s aim to boost the proportion of degree-qualified 25- to 34-year-old Australian residents to 40% by 2025.
Birrell and Healy say the government “has been in celebration mode on this issue recently” because it appears its policies of opening up opportunities for university training appear to be working, with the proportion rising from 31.8% in 2008 to 36.8% in 2012.
“In reality, this surge in the proportion of those aged 25 to 34 with degrees has little to do with recent increases in university enrolment levels.
“These will have an impact on the share of the 25- to 34-year-old cohort with degrees over the next decade whereas the recent rise is attributable to migration [because] 72% of the growth between 2006 and 2011 were overseas-born and include a mixture of persons who entered Australia with degrees, and those who trained here as overseas students and have stayed on either as permanent or temporary residents.”
The study found that nearly one in three degree-holding migrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds had credentials in management and commerce – a direct result of the high proportion of overseas students who completed accounting courses in Australia and then sought to stay on.
Yet 31% of this group were unemployed compared with 9% of Australian-born graduates and 12% of those from mainly English-speaking countries.
“The bottom line [for the non-English-backgrounders] is that as well as the 31% not employed, only 4% of the total occupied managerial positions and just 26% held professional positions.
“By comparison, 58% of the Australian-born and 53% of those recently arrived from English-speaking countries with degree qualifications reported being employed in professional occupations.”
The report says that more than 672,000 Australians now need to rely on unemployment benefits – up by nearly 56,000 between November 2011 and November 2012 – and that this should be “ringing alarm bells in policy circles”.
Local analysis of youth unemployment also shows very high levels in lower-income areas of Melbourne’s north and west, in Sydney’s western suburbs, in parts of Adelaide and in Queensland. Youth unemployment in northern Adelaide was reported to be as high as 42% – a consequence of significant competition for low-skilled jobs advertised in the northern suburbs.
“Young people without post-school credentials face serious problems in obtaining work in the current labour market. Most have to begin their working life in relatively low-skilled, entry-level jobs, such as in the hospitality and retail areas,” Birrell and Healy write.
“Yet these are the very industries that have been hardest hit in the recent slowdown in employment growth [and] are also the industries in which temporary migrants are most likely to seek employment.”
The report says it is the Australians who are losing out, given that the 100,000 new jobs created since 2011 have been almost all taken up by migrants, many of whom are foreign students who graduated from Australian universities and have stayed on.
The study highlights the problems faced by Western countries – that have attracted high migrant numbers from Asia – when unemployment rates begin to rise.
The report says the slowdown in employment growth in Australia is starting to bite on the job situation for the local-born.
This effect is exacerbated by the federal government’s immigration policies to encourage large numbers of migrants into the country, since they have succeeded in taking up all of the net number of new jobs created in Australia over the past two years.
“This is occurring at a time when the potential workforce among young Australians continues to grow. The result is increasing unemployment, a declining level of labour force participation and, in less-skilled, entry-level occupations, ferocious competition for available jobs,” the report says.
Prepared by Dr Bob Birrell and Dr Ernest Healy of Monash University’s centre for population and urban research in Melbourne, the report says there is a strong case for the government to re-evaluate its migration policy.
“At present, the government appears to be operating on two assumptions: the first that employment growth will continue at pre-2011 rates and the second that migrants are filling important skill vacancies in the workforce.
“The recent slowdown in employment manifestly falsifies the first assumption and the poor record of recently arrived degree-qualified migrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds in gaining professional and managerial positions belies the second.”
The report says the federal government is wrong in claiming that its migration programme is importing “a highly educated addition to the nation’s skilled workforce” to help fill skill vacancies.
In a study of more than 200,000 immigrants who arrived in Australia since 2011 and their workforce participation, Birrell and Healy found that most graduates from non-English-speaking countries were employed in occupations in sub-professional fields, mainly in community and personal service, and clerical and administrative fields.
The Monash researchers looked at the largest group of recently arrived skilled migrants, which included significant numbers of overseas students who graduated from Australian universities. They say that if the migrants held skills needed in Australia, this should show up in a strong record of employment in managerial and professional positions.
This group is of particular interest because of the government’s aim to boost the proportion of degree-qualified 25- to 34-year-old Australian residents to 40% by 2025.
Birrell and Healy say the government “has been in celebration mode on this issue recently” because it appears its policies of opening up opportunities for university training appear to be working, with the proportion rising from 31.8% in 2008 to 36.8% in 2012.
“In reality, this surge in the proportion of those aged 25 to 34 with degrees has little to do with recent increases in university enrolment levels.
“These will have an impact on the share of the 25- to 34-year-old cohort with degrees over the next decade whereas the recent rise is attributable to migration [because] 72% of the growth between 2006 and 2011 were overseas-born and include a mixture of persons who entered Australia with degrees, and those who trained here as overseas students and have stayed on either as permanent or temporary residents.”
The study found that nearly one in three degree-holding migrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds had credentials in management and commerce – a direct result of the high proportion of overseas students who completed accounting courses in Australia and then sought to stay on.
Yet 31% of this group were unemployed compared with 9% of Australian-born graduates and 12% of those from mainly English-speaking countries.
“The bottom line [for the non-English-backgrounders] is that as well as the 31% not employed, only 4% of the total occupied managerial positions and just 26% held professional positions.
“By comparison, 58% of the Australian-born and 53% of those recently arrived from English-speaking countries with degree qualifications reported being employed in professional occupations.”
The report says that more than 672,000 Australians now need to rely on unemployment benefits – up by nearly 56,000 between November 2011 and November 2012 – and that this should be “ringing alarm bells in policy circles”.
Local analysis of youth unemployment also shows very high levels in lower-income areas of Melbourne’s north and west, in Sydney’s western suburbs, in parts of Adelaide and in Queensland. Youth unemployment in northern Adelaide was reported to be as high as 42% – a consequence of significant competition for low-skilled jobs advertised in the northern suburbs.
“Young people without post-school credentials face serious problems in obtaining work in the current labour market. Most have to begin their working life in relatively low-skilled, entry-level jobs, such as in the hospitality and retail areas,” Birrell and Healy write.
“Yet these are the very industries that have been hardest hit in the recent slowdown in employment growth [and] are also the industries in which temporary migrants are most likely to seek employment.”
UNITED STATES: Why higher education must be part of immigration reform
TIME 09 February 2013 Issue No:258
Last week, President Obama and a bipartisan group of senators
outlined a plan for comprehensive immigration reform. Like the DREAM Act
that has stalled for years in Congress,
the proposal’s outline hints at an expedited pathway to citizenship for
young people who came to the U.S. as children if they attend college or
serve in the military. As the details are worked out in the coming
weeks, it is critical that legislation include provisions that make it
easier for undocumented high schoolers to go to college. Education
is the gateway to the American Dream. But today our immigration laws
make higher education — a virtual requirement for financial security —
out of reach for more than one million undocumented students.
(MORE: Read this week’s TIME cover story, “Immigrant Son,” by Michael Grunwald)
Of the roughly 65,000 undocumented students who graduate from American high schools each year, only 5–10% will go to college, usually a community college, according to a 2009 report by The College Board. Many undocumented students don’t know if they’re allowed to apply for college (the law varies state by state), or are afraid that submitting applications will attract attention from the authorities. Those who do earn college acceptances are often forced to turn them down because they can’t afford it. Their immigration status bars them from taking advantage of in-state tuition and financial aid programs that are available to their peers.
Even students who beat the odds and graduate from college face yet another barrier: They can’t legally work in the U.S.and put their degrees to good use. ”Children don’t make the decision to cross the border, but they pay for it their whole lives,” says Liz Coffin-Karlin, one of our 10,000 Teach for America members who work with students in low-income communities across the country.
(MORE: Not Legal, Not Leaving)
Take Ramiro, an undocumented student in North Texas who came to the U.S. from Mexico with his parents and two siblings when he was 5. His family lived in daily terror of being discovered – a very real fear after Ramiro came home when he was 12 to an empty house and discovered his father had been deported. Although he excelled in school, Ramiro wouldn’t even tell his closest friends that he was undocumented, and was ashamed to tell his teachers. As graduation approached, he felt increasingly isolated and depressed as friends discussed what schools they were going to and post-graduation plans.
“I was paralyzed,” he says, “I didn’t know what I was going to do and worse, who I could ask for help. I was my only resource.” He finally worked up the nerve to enroll in community college, but even that was an ordeal. In the registrar’s office, he didn’t know what information he could give without exposing himself. Ramiro started working to save up money for classes, and did so well he was promoted to supervisor. But when his employer tried verifying his information for the new role and discovered a discrepancy with his paperwork, he was fired on the spot. Unable to keep a job because of his status, Ramiro poured over scholarship applications to find one that could help him – only to discover nearly all scholarships are for citizens or permanent residents only. “I read through so many applications and would get so excited because I seemed to meet every criteria,” he says. “But then in the very last line there would be that disclaimer. I finally gave up on college because I felt there were no options.”
(MORE: Does College Put Kids on a “Party Pathway”?)
Every time a child’s promise is cut short by their legal status, our country wastes precious resources and loses talent we need. Our laws guarantee all students the right to a K–12 education, regardless of their immigration status. Our teachers work tirelessly to give them the skills they need to make it to college. Why should we let an inconsistent system prevent them from fulfilling their potential and giving back to the country they call home?
MORE: Immigration Debate: The Problem with the Word ‘Illegal’
(MORE: Read this week’s TIME cover story, “Immigrant Son,” by Michael Grunwald)
Of the roughly 65,000 undocumented students who graduate from American high schools each year, only 5–10% will go to college, usually a community college, according to a 2009 report by The College Board. Many undocumented students don’t know if they’re allowed to apply for college (the law varies state by state), or are afraid that submitting applications will attract attention from the authorities. Those who do earn college acceptances are often forced to turn them down because they can’t afford it. Their immigration status bars them from taking advantage of in-state tuition and financial aid programs that are available to their peers.
Even students who beat the odds and graduate from college face yet another barrier: They can’t legally work in the U.S.and put their degrees to good use. ”Children don’t make the decision to cross the border, but they pay for it their whole lives,” says Liz Coffin-Karlin, one of our 10,000 Teach for America members who work with students in low-income communities across the country.
(MORE: Not Legal, Not Leaving)
Take Ramiro, an undocumented student in North Texas who came to the U.S. from Mexico with his parents and two siblings when he was 5. His family lived in daily terror of being discovered – a very real fear after Ramiro came home when he was 12 to an empty house and discovered his father had been deported. Although he excelled in school, Ramiro wouldn’t even tell his closest friends that he was undocumented, and was ashamed to tell his teachers. As graduation approached, he felt increasingly isolated and depressed as friends discussed what schools they were going to and post-graduation plans.
“I was paralyzed,” he says, “I didn’t know what I was going to do and worse, who I could ask for help. I was my only resource.” He finally worked up the nerve to enroll in community college, but even that was an ordeal. In the registrar’s office, he didn’t know what information he could give without exposing himself. Ramiro started working to save up money for classes, and did so well he was promoted to supervisor. But when his employer tried verifying his information for the new role and discovered a discrepancy with his paperwork, he was fired on the spot. Unable to keep a job because of his status, Ramiro poured over scholarship applications to find one that could help him – only to discover nearly all scholarships are for citizens or permanent residents only. “I read through so many applications and would get so excited because I seemed to meet every criteria,” he says. “But then in the very last line there would be that disclaimer. I finally gave up on college because I felt there were no options.”
(MORE: Does College Put Kids on a “Party Pathway”?)
Every time a child’s promise is cut short by their legal status, our country wastes precious resources and loses talent we need. Our laws guarantee all students the right to a K–12 education, regardless of their immigration status. Our teachers work tirelessly to give them the skills they need to make it to college. Why should we let an inconsistent system prevent them from fulfilling their potential and giving back to the country they call home?
MORE: Immigration Debate: The Problem with the Word ‘Illegal’
AUSTRALIA: University 2060 – Brave new world of higher education
The Conversation 09 February 2013 Issue No:258
Higher education, 2060: academics are out of a job. All the brand name universities have made all their courses free online, easily doing away with one side of the teaching and learning equation.
Pretty soon all the universities realised how much money they could save.
Tutorials have been replaced by Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) with the wisdom of the crowd sourcing all answers from the students themselves. Algorithms update the online course content in response to the question’s popularity – after all, “the customer is always right”.
Eventually no new information is taught, as it is too difficult to produce. There can be no FAQs for new material. So university courses have become useless. People need to find other ways to learn.
Universities took up the idea of the customer is always right earlier than 2012. Students became clients. So it became obvious that student evaluation of teaching results determined careers and promotion of lecturers.
That is, even when the students could not possibly be in a position to evaluate the teaching, as they were yet to be introduced to, grapple with and eventually understand, difficult and complex issues.
And yet they were asked by administrators to rate their teachers. Students assumed that because the material was hard, the teaching must be poor. So the complaints went: it should have been easier to engage with; the lecturer did not spend enough time explaining how to get a good mark; they did not answer my questions quickly enough (even if most were posed late at night, and answered by morning).
So the universities felt justified in getting rid of their lecturers: after all the student feedback was not good and the lecturers were difficult to deal with.
The Australian Research Council realised that they too could save themselves a great deal of time. All they had to do was run competitions. They only needed small groups of trusted researchers who met regularly to determine which questions would get funding and how much each question was worth.
Then as each new question was decided it was added to the competition database. This procedure had a great deal of merit. It assumed that the best researcher to answer any particular question was out there somewhere but asking them to apply for funding was a waste of everybody’s time.
Much better for the ARC to put up the questions, sit back and wait for the research teams to engage with the questions directly. No need to fund a good looking prospect. They only needed to fund results.
They took the website Kaggle.com as their model. Big questions (that is the ones that could earn the most money) attracted the biggest prizes.
At this point educational research stopped being funded completely, because everyone now knew how to educate en masse for free. Get a free degree from MIT, Stanford or Harvard. Within ten years software was developed that was sophisticated enough to be used to examine PhD theses, so no one had to actually read them any more.
Within 30 years, all the “great minds” currently living had gained their doctorate from an algorithm. No one had read their work, and none could find a job in the academy, because everyone had free degrees from MIT, Stanford or Harvard.
About 10 years later a group of about 12 people sat around together in a room. They had decided to hold a book group. There was no leader except that one person had rediscovered the old practice of a reading group and suggested to some friends that they try it out as a nostalgic reenactment, similar to the people who still recreated the American Civil War on a Sunday afternoon.
One of the group suggested the book, something they had found in a bookshop from the 1960s, On Becoming a Person by Carl Rogers.
They all enjoyed meeting together and talking about the book, particularly the funny ideas that could never take off now. Then someone suggested they read another book.
This happened and they all enjoyed that experience too, sharing and discussing ideas with no particular agenda. After the group had discussed five books they realised it was not just the book that was enjoyable, they brought food, talked about their days, discussed other topics unrelated to the books they had come together to read.
They were enjoying engaging with each other and learning together.
Pity, they thought, that we couldn’t do this more often.
Pretty soon all the universities realised how much money they could save.
Tutorials have been replaced by Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) with the wisdom of the crowd sourcing all answers from the students themselves. Algorithms update the online course content in response to the question’s popularity – after all, “the customer is always right”.
Eventually no new information is taught, as it is too difficult to produce. There can be no FAQs for new material. So university courses have become useless. People need to find other ways to learn.
Universities took up the idea of the customer is always right earlier than 2012. Students became clients. So it became obvious that student evaluation of teaching results determined careers and promotion of lecturers.
That is, even when the students could not possibly be in a position to evaluate the teaching, as they were yet to be introduced to, grapple with and eventually understand, difficult and complex issues.
And yet they were asked by administrators to rate their teachers. Students assumed that because the material was hard, the teaching must be poor. So the complaints went: it should have been easier to engage with; the lecturer did not spend enough time explaining how to get a good mark; they did not answer my questions quickly enough (even if most were posed late at night, and answered by morning).
So the universities felt justified in getting rid of their lecturers: after all the student feedback was not good and the lecturers were difficult to deal with.
The Australian Research Council realised that they too could save themselves a great deal of time. All they had to do was run competitions. They only needed small groups of trusted researchers who met regularly to determine which questions would get funding and how much each question was worth.
Then as each new question was decided it was added to the competition database. This procedure had a great deal of merit. It assumed that the best researcher to answer any particular question was out there somewhere but asking them to apply for funding was a waste of everybody’s time.
Much better for the ARC to put up the questions, sit back and wait for the research teams to engage with the questions directly. No need to fund a good looking prospect. They only needed to fund results.
They took the website Kaggle.com as their model. Big questions (that is the ones that could earn the most money) attracted the biggest prizes.
At this point educational research stopped being funded completely, because everyone now knew how to educate en masse for free. Get a free degree from MIT, Stanford or Harvard. Within ten years software was developed that was sophisticated enough to be used to examine PhD theses, so no one had to actually read them any more.
Within 30 years, all the “great minds” currently living had gained their doctorate from an algorithm. No one had read their work, and none could find a job in the academy, because everyone had free degrees from MIT, Stanford or Harvard.
About 10 years later a group of about 12 people sat around together in a room. They had decided to hold a book group. There was no leader except that one person had rediscovered the old practice of a reading group and suggested to some friends that they try it out as a nostalgic reenactment, similar to the people who still recreated the American Civil War on a Sunday afternoon.
One of the group suggested the book, something they had found in a bookshop from the 1960s, On Becoming a Person by Carl Rogers.
They all enjoyed meeting together and talking about the book, particularly the funny ideas that could never take off now. Then someone suggested they read another book.
This happened and they all enjoyed that experience too, sharing and discussing ideas with no particular agenda. After the group had discussed five books they realised it was not just the book that was enjoyable, they brought food, talked about their days, discussed other topics unrelated to the books they had come together to read.
They were enjoying engaging with each other and learning together.
Pity, they thought, that we couldn’t do this more often.
GERMANY: Education minister stripped of doctoral title
Michael Gardner 07 February 2013 Issue No:258
The University of Dรผsseldorf has withdrawn the doctoral title of Annette Schavan, Germany’s education and research minister, claiming that she lifted material for her thesis. While Schavan is seeking to contest the university’s verdict, the opposition in parliament has called for her resignation.
The University of Dรผsseldorf stripped Schavan of her PhD on 5 February. The council of the university’s faculty of philosophy had found that “a considerable amount of texts written by other authors had been adopted word-for-word but had not been correspondingly referred to as citations,” the faculty dean, Bruno Bleckmann, explained.
The accumulation and structure of the text passages adopted and the omission of source titles in the footnotes and further reading list had convinced the faculty council that Schavan had “systematically and wilfully presented academic performance that she herself had, in reality, not delivered”.
Bleckmann said that “Schavan’s response could not weaken this impression, which is why, based on the facts before it, the faculty council has found that the issue concerned represents wilful deceit through plagiarism.”
The decision to withdraw the minister’s title was approved by 12 of the council’s 15 members.
Schavan, on a five-day tour of South Africa bringing her together with representatives of science, research, politics and business, commented on the new developments the following day. “I will not accept the University of Dรผsseldorf’s decision, and intend to lodge a complaint,” she said.
The minister now has four weeks to appeal to the administrative court.
Schavan recently stated that she could not rule out having made careless mistakes, but denied plagiarism.
Her lawyers announced that they would be taking legal action because the faculty of philosophy’s decision was based on a “faulty procedure” and was “disproportionate”. Violations of citation rules were “insignificant” and could not justify the withdrawal of a doctoral title.
The university’s move leaves Schavan without any professional title. The minister, who studied catholic theology, philosophy and education science at Bonn and Dรผsseldorf, did her doctorate 32 years ago. During her studies, she bypassed the usual ‘magister’ first degree in arts subjects and headed straight for her doctoral exams.
Responses
Politicians in the ruling Christian Democrat-Free Democrat coalition government have praised Schavan’s achievements as an education and research minister. Further developments are to be discussed on her return from South Africa.
There have been unanimous calls from the opposition for the minister to resign. Schavan now lacks credibility as a higher education minister, said the Social Democrats’ General Secretary Andrea Nahles, while Petra Sitte, spokesperson for Die Linke – the Left Party – stressed that whoever is responsible for education and research had to set an example to others.
Bernhard Kempen, president of the Hochschulverband – German Association of University Professors and Lecturers – maintained that “it could take months if not years for a court ruling to be reached. In these circumstances, Annette Schavan can no longer act as education minister.”
Kempen, a qualified jurist, also refuted criticism regarding how the decision to withdraw Schavan’s title came to be. “The University of Dรผsseldorf’s verdict is not manifestly unlawful,” he says. “It is not discernible why the withdrawal of the title should be based on a faulty procedure.”
Referring to last year's leaking of information indicating the possibility of plagiarism in Schavan’s thesis, Kempen commented that while indiscretion is unacceptable, it does not make the procedure, as such, defective.
However, he conceded that any withdrawal of an academic title also represented a setback for universities. “It is now up to institutions to take a closer look and exercise more control,” he said. “Higher education has to develop uniform regulations on academic conduct.”
Having issued a statement in support of Schavan just days ahead of Dรผsseldorf University's launching of formal proceedings, the Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen, comprising Germany’s chief higher education and research bodies, has kept quiet about the institution’s verdict.
Membership of the alliance includes funding bodies such as the German Research Foundation and research heavyweights like the Fraunhofer Society, the Helmholtz Association and the Max Planck Society. As Bonn academic and law expert Wolfgang Lรถwer stressed, these organisations depend crucially on ministry funding.
The Schavan case may have damaged higher education as a whole in Germany, Lรถwer said.
The University of Dรผsseldorf stripped Schavan of her PhD on 5 February. The council of the university’s faculty of philosophy had found that “a considerable amount of texts written by other authors had been adopted word-for-word but had not been correspondingly referred to as citations,” the faculty dean, Bruno Bleckmann, explained.
The accumulation and structure of the text passages adopted and the omission of source titles in the footnotes and further reading list had convinced the faculty council that Schavan had “systematically and wilfully presented academic performance that she herself had, in reality, not delivered”.
Bleckmann said that “Schavan’s response could not weaken this impression, which is why, based on the facts before it, the faculty council has found that the issue concerned represents wilful deceit through plagiarism.”
The decision to withdraw the minister’s title was approved by 12 of the council’s 15 members.
Schavan, on a five-day tour of South Africa bringing her together with representatives of science, research, politics and business, commented on the new developments the following day. “I will not accept the University of Dรผsseldorf’s decision, and intend to lodge a complaint,” she said.
The minister now has four weeks to appeal to the administrative court.
Schavan recently stated that she could not rule out having made careless mistakes, but denied plagiarism.
Her lawyers announced that they would be taking legal action because the faculty of philosophy’s decision was based on a “faulty procedure” and was “disproportionate”. Violations of citation rules were “insignificant” and could not justify the withdrawal of a doctoral title.
The university’s move leaves Schavan without any professional title. The minister, who studied catholic theology, philosophy and education science at Bonn and Dรผsseldorf, did her doctorate 32 years ago. During her studies, she bypassed the usual ‘magister’ first degree in arts subjects and headed straight for her doctoral exams.
Responses
Politicians in the ruling Christian Democrat-Free Democrat coalition government have praised Schavan’s achievements as an education and research minister. Further developments are to be discussed on her return from South Africa.
There have been unanimous calls from the opposition for the minister to resign. Schavan now lacks credibility as a higher education minister, said the Social Democrats’ General Secretary Andrea Nahles, while Petra Sitte, spokesperson for Die Linke – the Left Party – stressed that whoever is responsible for education and research had to set an example to others.
Bernhard Kempen, president of the Hochschulverband – German Association of University Professors and Lecturers – maintained that “it could take months if not years for a court ruling to be reached. In these circumstances, Annette Schavan can no longer act as education minister.”
Kempen, a qualified jurist, also refuted criticism regarding how the decision to withdraw Schavan’s title came to be. “The University of Dรผsseldorf’s verdict is not manifestly unlawful,” he says. “It is not discernible why the withdrawal of the title should be based on a faulty procedure.”
Referring to last year's leaking of information indicating the possibility of plagiarism in Schavan’s thesis, Kempen commented that while indiscretion is unacceptable, it does not make the procedure, as such, defective.
However, he conceded that any withdrawal of an academic title also represented a setback for universities. “It is now up to institutions to take a closer look and exercise more control,” he said. “Higher education has to develop uniform regulations on academic conduct.”
Having issued a statement in support of Schavan just days ahead of Dรผsseldorf University's launching of formal proceedings, the Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen, comprising Germany’s chief higher education and research bodies, has kept quiet about the institution’s verdict.
Membership of the alliance includes funding bodies such as the German Research Foundation and research heavyweights like the Fraunhofer Society, the Helmholtz Association and the Max Planck Society. As Bonn academic and law expert Wolfgang Lรถwer stressed, these organisations depend crucially on ministry funding.
The Schavan case may have damaged higher education as a whole in Germany, Lรถwer said.
Lawyers Instructed to Seek Approval Before Speaking to Media
By Chin Chan - February 11, 2013
Lawyers must now obtain permission from the Cambodian Bar Association before speaking to television and radio media in order to ensure that they do not speak out of turn, the association’s president said in a meeting on Friday.
“First, we want to ensure a high quality of law dissemination. Second, to ensure that explanations of the law to the public are correct, and third to ensure that lawyers adhere to high professional standards,” said Bun Honn, the association’s president.
The new rule does not mean that lawyers would not be allowed to speak to the press, nor is it an attempt to stifle media freedom, Mr. Honn maintained, addressing Bar Association members at the organization’s Phnom Penh headquarters.
“Lawyers can talk to the media, for example, about where a case is going but they can’t criticize a court’s judgment or say the verdict of the court is unfair,” he said when contacted by telephone later.
Penalties for violating the new rule would range from a formal warning to disbarment, he said.
At the association’s request, the Ministry of Information on January 31 also issued a statement advising all television and radio media organizations that wish to interview lawyers to go through the Bar Association first.
At the moment, the only lawyer entirely banned from giving media interviews is Kouy Thunna, who Mr. Honn explained had violated Article 15 in the Lawyer’s Code of Ethics. He declined to say exactly how Mr. Thunna had violated the code, but Article 15 stipulates that lawyers must not give false or deceitful information or engage in self-promotion.
Mr. Thunna declined to comment on the Bar Association’s ban.
Sok Sam Oeun, a lawyer and executive director of legal aid group the Cambodian Defenders Project, said lawyers should be able to serve their clients without being held back by such a rule and that the Constitution protected the right to express one’s opinion.
“Each lawyer is a professional and they know the law and they are also responsible for their clients. For example, if the client agrees for him to say it, he can say it,” Mr. Sam Oeun said, adding that he has never heard of such a rule in other democratic countries.
“If the Bar is concerned that maybe some lawyers do not know how to deal with this, I think it is better for the Bar to train lawyers to deal with journalists,” he said.
(Additional reporting by Dene-Hern Chen)
Lawyers must now obtain permission from the Cambodian Bar Association before speaking to television and radio media in order to ensure that they do not speak out of turn, the association’s president said in a meeting on Friday.
“First, we want to ensure a high quality of law dissemination. Second, to ensure that explanations of the law to the public are correct, and third to ensure that lawyers adhere to high professional standards,” said Bun Honn, the association’s president.
The new rule does not mean that lawyers would not be allowed to speak to the press, nor is it an attempt to stifle media freedom, Mr. Honn maintained, addressing Bar Association members at the organization’s Phnom Penh headquarters.
“Lawyers can talk to the media, for example, about where a case is going but they can’t criticize a court’s judgment or say the verdict of the court is unfair,” he said when contacted by telephone later.
Penalties for violating the new rule would range from a formal warning to disbarment, he said.
At the association’s request, the Ministry of Information on January 31 also issued a statement advising all television and radio media organizations that wish to interview lawyers to go through the Bar Association first.
At the moment, the only lawyer entirely banned from giving media interviews is Kouy Thunna, who Mr. Honn explained had violated Article 15 in the Lawyer’s Code of Ethics. He declined to say exactly how Mr. Thunna had violated the code, but Article 15 stipulates that lawyers must not give false or deceitful information or engage in self-promotion.
Mr. Thunna declined to comment on the Bar Association’s ban.
Sok Sam Oeun, a lawyer and executive director of legal aid group the Cambodian Defenders Project, said lawyers should be able to serve their clients without being held back by such a rule and that the Constitution protected the right to express one’s opinion.
“Each lawyer is a professional and they know the law and they are also responsible for their clients. For example, if the client agrees for him to say it, he can say it,” Mr. Sam Oeun said, adding that he has never heard of such a rule in other democratic countries.
“If the Bar is concerned that maybe some lawyers do not know how to deal with this, I think it is better for the Bar to train lawyers to deal with journalists,” he said.
(Additional reporting by Dene-Hern Chen)
Bombing of Cambodia Cited to Defend US Drone Strikes
By Zsombor Peter - February 10, 2013
A U.S. Justice Department document that says America can legally
order the killing of its citizens if they are believed to be al-Qaida
leaders uses the devastating and illegal bombing of Cambodia in the
1960s and ’70s to help make its case.
American broadcaster NBC News first reported on the “white paper”—a
summary of classified memos by the U.S. Justice Department’s Office
of Legal Council—on Monday.
The 16-page paper makes a legal case for the U.S. government’s highly
controversial use of unmanned drones to kill suspected terrorists,
including some U.S. citizens. In making its argument, the document
brings up the U.S.’ bombing of Cambodia—which claimed thousands of
innocent lives in the pursuit of North Vietnamese forces—to argue for
the right to go after its enemies in neutral countries.
“The Department has not found any authority for the proposition that
when one of the parties to an armed conflict plans and executes
operations from a base in a new nation, an operation to engage the
enemy in that location cannot be part of the original armed conflict,”
the paper reads. “That does not appear to be the rule of the historical
practice, for instance, even in a traditional international conflict.”
To help make its case, the Justice Department cites an address
then-U.S. State Department legal adviser John Stevenson delivered to
the New York Bar Association in 1970 regarding the U.S.’ ongoing
military activity in Cambodia.
Mr. Stevenson, the white paper summarizes, argued “that in an
international armed conflict, if a neutral state has been unable for any
reason to prevent violations of its neutrality by the troops of one
belligerent using its territory as a base of operations, the other
belligerent has historically been justified in attacking those enemy
forces in that state.”
In other words, Mr. Stevenson, speaking on the U.S. bombing of
Cambodia, said history gave the U.S. the right to bomb a country that
could not keep the U.S.’ enemies out.
The Justice Department is now using that argument to help make its
case for killing suspected al-Qaida leaders of U.S. citizenship abroad.
The U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh declined to comment.
Beginning in 1965, the U.S. bombed North Vietnamese forces taking
refuge in eastern Cambodia for years without congressional approval. By
the time Congress put an end to the bombings in 1973, more than 230,000
sorties over the country had dropped some 2.75 million tons of ordnance
on more than 113,000 sites, many of them inaccurate. Casualty estimates
of that time range from 5,000 Cambodians to half a million, while bombs
that failed to explode on impact continue to kill unwitting farmers and
children today.
Some historians have also credited the U.S. bombing for driving large
numbers of rural Cambodians into the arms of then-insurgent Khmer
Rouge, whose brutal regime went on to claim another 1.7 million lives.
Council of Ministers spokesman Phay Siphan maintained the
government’s position that the U.S. bombing of Cambodia was illegal.
“If you kill someone in another country, it’s illegal, unless you
have their [the country’s] permission, that’s my opinion,” said Mr.
Siphan.
But the U.S. military’s overwhelming force left Cambodia helpless to do anything about it, he added.
“They could do anything they like, legal or illegal; it is their
interest,” Mr. Siphan said. “We [had] no ability to keep North
Vietnamese out from the country because we were weak.”
He regretted the Justice Department’s decision to use the experience in its defense of U.S. drone strikes.
“I feel sorry that they use that argument,” he said.
Historian and Cambodia expert David Chandler questioned the Justice
Department’s choice of years in the U.S.’ yearslong bombing campaign.
“Interesting that the 1970 bombing approved by [the late king and
then-head of state Norodom] Sihanouk, and therefore perhaps ‘legal,’
are cited now rather than the hugely destructive 1973 bombings ceased by
Congress, which were directed not against Vietnamese but against the
Khmer Rouge with whom the U.S. was not at war,” he said by email.
“The point about the 1973 bombings is that they were what a U.S.
general called the only war in town, as bombings of Vietnam had stopped
following the agreement between the U.S. and Vietnam,” he said. “They
were horrible and inexcusable, or excusable only in the sense that they
postponed the [Khmer Rouge] victory by at least a year.”
The Khmer Rouge finally overran the U.S.-backed Lon Nol regime in 1975.
Historian Ben Kiernan and others have partly blamed U.S. bombings for what followed.
“Civilian casualties in Cambodia drove an enraged populace into the
arms of an insurgency that had enjoyed relatively little support until
the bombing began, setting in motion the expansion of the Vietnam War
deeper into Cambodia, a coup d’etat in 1970, the rapid rise of the
Khmer Rouge, and ultimately the Cambodian genocide,” he wrote in a 2006
article for Toronto-based The Walrus magazine.
At his confirmation hearing for Secretary of State last month, John
Kerry reconfirmed his opinion that the U.S.’ bombing of Cambodia was
illegal.
Cambodia has also brought up the bombing in lobbying the U.S. to
forgive $274 million in debt—since grown to $445 million with
interest—wracked up by the Lon Nol regime, but yet to no avail.
Soon after NBC News released the white paper citing the bombing of
Cambodia, the White House reversed course by announcing that it would
brief members of Congress on the classified memos.
Senator’s Wife Showers Police With New Year Cash
By Aun Pheap and Dene-Hern Chen - February 12, 2013
At 9 a.m. on Sunday, more than 200 soldiers, police and military
police officers were gathered outside a large mansion on Street 55 in
Phnom Penh’s Daun Penh district. By 10 a.m., their numbers had swelled
to about a thousand, now including members of the national bodyguard
unit, turning the street into a sea of government uniforms.
Hundreds
of police, military police and RCAF soldiers on Sunday wait outside the
Phnom Penh mansion of Choeung Sopheap, the owner of Pheapimex company
and wife of CPP Senator Lao Meng Khin, to receive envelopes of money for
the Chinese New Year. (Ben Woods/The Cambodia Daily)
All were waiting for their promised “ang pao”—red envelopes
containing cash usually handed out during Chinese New Year—from Choeung
Sopheap, the powerful owner of controversial land development firm
Pheapimex and the wife of CPP Senator Lao Meng Khin.
Pheapimex holds a number of economic land concessions around the
country, most notably a 316,000-hectare site in Pursat province’s Krakor
district where villagers have staged several protests alleging that
their land was illegally cleared. Armed military police officers have
been deployed to guard the concession.
Ms. Sopheap’s husband, Mr. Meng Khin, is also the owner of Shukaku
Inc., which has used armed government security forces against
protesters at its real estate project in Phnom Penh’s Boeng Kak
neighborhood.
Rights groups have long accused government security forces,
especially the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, of protecting the private
land concessions of well-connected families in a clear conflict of
interest.
But the grateful officers clogging the streets around the house of
“Yeay Phou,” or Grandma Phou, on Sunday—picking up between 30,000 riel
($7.50) and 50,000 riel ($12.50) each—readily admitted to the special
relationship.
“We help her when problems arise, not only in Phnom Penh but also in
the provinces,” military police officer Sieng Radin said while waiting
outside the gates. “She loves the armed forces because she knows we
protect her and she is a high-ranking official. She may be a business
woman, but she also works with the Cambodian Red Cross.”
“And it’s not only the Gendarmerie [national military police],
it’s also other joint forces that help her with strikes, and if the
strikes affect her projects, like Boeng Kak,” Mr. Radin added.
Chan Dora, a military police officer who said his unit worked
directly for the family, attributed Ms. Sopheap’s generosity to her
gratitude for their services.
“I’m part of the unit that protects her family, so she gives us ang paos to thank us. I really appreciate it,” Mr. Dora said. “We are military forces and we are also assistants to her. We always help with whatever she needs help with.”
More than 5,000 ang paos were finally handed out, said Lao Van, Mr. Meng Khin’s son, though he did not know how much money it all added up to.
“This is our kindness, to distribute the ang paos to the armed forces because they work very hard. All of them, like the traffic police and other police, they not only work for my family but also for everyone’s families,” Mr. Van said, adding that his family had been making the annual mass donations for nearly a decade.
Chea Vannath, an independent political analyst, said this practice of
private business owners providing money to state employees would
inevitably raise questions.
“What you see now is the result of the [informal] policy for the
higher-ranking [officials],” she said. “So if there is any change, there
needs to be a policy from the top that the military and the police have
to be independent and not have…financial transaction whatsoever from
the business or private sectors.”
Council of Ministers spokesman Phay Siphan said the country’s armed forces exist for the benefit of the public, not private enterprises, adding that he could not comment on whether Ms. Sopheap’s tradition of giving the armed forces ang paos was appropriate.
“It’s hard for me to say if it’s proper or not proper because we
don’t have any such law or regulations on what we call a conflict of
interest,” he said.
Either way, Lon Saran, a military police officer who has received the ang paos five years in a row, summed up the deal with Khmer proverb.
“Mean tou mean mork,” Mr. Saran said, meaning roughly that when one provides a gift to another, help will come to the benefactor.
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แូแ
្แេះแើแេแាแីแូแแាแិแាแแុแ
แឺแូแแេแាแข្แแแแួแแុแแ្แូแแាแแ្แូแแ
្แាแ់แែแแំแុแแขแុแแ្แแៅ
แ្แុแแ្แแេแ។
แាแแាแแាแแฒ្แแ្แแាแแ្แាแ័แแោแแាแាแា
แ្แូแแុំแៅแแៈแេแាแីแុแแេแแขแ្แើแแេแាแីแแแាแាแ្แិแ
แាแាแแៀแแแแแแ្แแាแแែแแាแិแាแ័แแិแแแแแែแ។
แោแแេแាแី แុแ แំแขឿแ
แាแแแขแ្แแាแแ្แុแแข្แแแ
្แាแ់แាแแាแแិแ្แិแแ្แុแា
แាแแ្แแាแแ៍แៅแ្แៃแីแกแก แុแ្แៈ แា แាแ្แា แกแฅ
แៃแ្แแแីแแแ៌แេแាแីแេះแាแแាแូแแแแ ើแ แែแ្แแាแแแៈแេแាแីแុแแ
แិแแាแแើแแแแ
ំแុแ
แេះแแแขแុแแ្แแេ แើแแែแំแាแ់แោแ แ៊ុแ แ ុแ
แกើแแ្แើแាแ្แแាแแแៈแេแាแី แាแแាแแាแแฒ្แแขแុแแ្แแ
ំแុแ
แេះ។
แោแแេแាแី แុแ แំแขឿแ៖ «แ្แแ ែแแាแោแแ្แแាแแាំแแขแ់แោះ
แោแแិแแា แាแแขแុแแ្แแាแិแាแแ្แើ។
แូแ
្แេះแ ើแแួแแាแ់แขแ់แាแแាแ្แាแោះแแแขแុแแ្แ แ ើแแួแแៀแ
แាแិแแែแแាแ
្แាแ់แេ
แ ើแแ្แแแីแแแ៌แេះแាแขแុแ័แแោแแ្แុแแ្แឹแ្แាแแៈแេแាแីแែแ៉ុแ្แោះ។
แូแ
្แេះแแៈแេแាแីแขាแแ្แិแ្แោแแ แขាแ
แើแแแแិแិแ្แ แិแแែแាแាแ»។
แោแแេแាแី แុแ แំแขឿแ แាแแ្แแាแแ៍แแ្แែแแា
แ្แแแីแแแ៌แេแាแីแេះแៀแแ
ំแាแ់แែแแกើแแាแแីแ្แាំแกแฉแฉแฅ
แាំแแីแ
ំแួแแេแាแីแាแแ្แแាแ แงแ แាแ់แ៉ុแ្แោះ។
แូแ
្แេះแាแแុំแួแแេแាแីแ្แแแាแ់แแៈแេแាแី แាแាแាแแាแแិแ
แួแ
แួแ
แែแแ
្แ
ុแ្แแ្แแ
ំแួแแេแាแីแាแแ
ំแួแแ
្แើแแាแ แจแ แ แាแ់แៅแ ើแ
แើแេแ
แ់แขแុแแ្แแ្แแแីแแแ៌แេះแฒ្แแាแแ្แឹแแ្แូแ แេแួแแិแិแ្แ
แិแแែแ្แែแ្แแแោះแฒ្แแាแ់แแ័แแាแแ្แាแแាแแីแแ
ំแើแแាแ់แ្แែแ។
แោแแេแាแី แុแ แំแขឿแ៖ «แិแាแแៅ แាแแោះแាแแោแ แាแ แូแី แាแ្แแាแ
แ ើแแៅแេแแោះ แแៈแេแាแីแើแแแ្แើแแ្แី។
แข៊ីแ
ឹแแ្แแាแแแៈแេแាแីแោแแាแแ្แแា แេแាแីแ
េแแ្แីแិแាแแុแ»។
แោแแេแាแី แុแ แំแขឿแ แាแแ្แแាแแ៍แា
แើแិแแាแាแแាแแឹแแែแแើแាแแขแុแ្แាแแฒ្แแេแាแីแแ្แាแแ៍
แិแแិแាแแขំแីแឿแแ
្แាแ់แាแแ្แแ័แ្แแោแแាแោះ
แាแាแាแแាแแแ់แแแាแแแុแ្แแួแแំแាแ់
แ្แុแแាแแ
ូแแួแแขแ់แំแ
្แាแ់แ្แแាแแแแ្แแៅแ្แុแแ្แាแแាแแែแแ្แแេแ
แแ្แុแា แៅแាแแ
ំแួแแข្แแแ
េះแ
្แាแ់แិแ
แួแ
แៅแกើแแោះ។
แោแ แុแ แំแขឿแ៖ «แិแแាแแ
ូแแួแแែแ្แแ
แឺแាแแ្แើแែแឿแแ្แីแៅแុแាแាแแែแួแแុแ។ แែแេះแាแាแ្แแแីแแแ៌
แាแขាแ្แ័แแៅแើแแៈแេแាแីแែแ៉ុแ្แោះ។
แแ្แแាแាแ្แាแ់แែแាแ្แแแីแแแ៌แែแ៉ុแ្แោះ»។
แ
ំแែแแោแแេแាแី แូแ แូแី แេแាแីแាแិแាแ័แแិแា แាแแ្แแាแแ៍แា
แើแ
แ់แិแាแแាแួแแ្แแ័แ្แแោแแា แូแ
แា แាแែแ แិแ្แុ แូแแแ្แแ៍
แាแ់แែแុំแាแแขแុแ្แាแแីแแៈแេแាแីแោះ
แាแ្แើแฒ្แแាแแាแแ្แแ្แแ្แាแแ
្แាแ់แាแាแាแแៈ แែแแូแំแូแាแแ ើแ។
แោแแេแាแី แូแ แូแី แាแแោแแ់แា
แាแแឹแแ្แិแแើแេแាแីแ្แុแแាแแិแាแแ្แីแាแួแแข្แแแាแែแแោះ
แាแិแแាแแ
ូแแួแแแ្แឹแแាแแាแแ្แើแฒ្แแុแាแាแแាแแុแ្แិแแ៌แោះแกើแ
แីแ្แោះแข្แแแแ្แេแ
แាแ់แោแ แฌแើแแែแแោแแោះ แឺแ
ៅแ្แแ
แិแแ្แះแាแแขាแ្แាแៅแិแแេแែแแាแแិแ្แិแាแแแ្แាแុแិแ្แិแ្แុแแាแ
แแ្แេแ
។ แ៉្แាแแៀแ แេแាแីแួแแូแแ
แុแ្แแែแាแข្แแแ
េះแឹแแ
្แាแ់แ
្แើแแាแแแแแ្แแ្แេแแៀแ
แើแាแแាแិแាแแិแแ្แឹแแ្แូแแុแแ
្แាแ់
แแៈแេแាแីแขាแ
แោះแ ៅแแแ្แแាแ แ្แីแแ្แោแ
แិแแើแោแแើแแกើแแីแាแแិแាแแោះ แាแំแោแแ
្แាแ់แ្แแ់แ្แแ
แុแแฒ្แแ
្แាแ់แាแ់แោแแៅ។
แោแแេแាแី แូแ แូแី แាแแោแแ់แា
แោแแាแแូแแោแแាแแាแិแแ្แុแแ្แឹแ្แាแแៈแេแាแីแแแោះ
แោแแាแแแ្แោแแុំแฒ្แแុแแ
ោแแាแ្แា แกแฅ
แៃแ្แแแីแแแ៌แแแ់แแៈแេแាแីแោះแ
េแ
แើแ្แីแฒ្แแแាแិแแแៈแេแាแីแាแแេแីแាแแេแแេแแ្แុแแាแแแ្แ
េแแแិ
แ្แแแៅแាแแាแแขแុแ្แាแแแแ់แแ្แแแ្แแុแ្แแแ្แុแា។៖ «แ៉ុแ្แែแ្แុแ
แាแแขแុแแ្แ แាแขាแ្แ័แแៅแើแាแแ្แแ់แ្แាแแៃแขំแើแែแ៉ុแ្แោះ
แ ើแแើแ្แขីแแ្แិแ
แ៏แូแแំแឹแแែแแោះแាแ្แើแฒ្แแขแแ្แ»។
แាแ្แា แกแฅ
แៃแ្แแแីแแแ៌แแៈแេแាแីแ
ែแแขំแីแขแ្แแាแแแ៍แាแแ្แแ័แ្แแ្แแ្แแ្แាแ
แ័แ៌แាแแាแាแាแแៈแៃแេแាแី។ แ្แแ់แขแ្แแាแแแ៍แាแាแแៈ
แฌแាแแ្แแ័แ្แแ្แាแแ័แ៌แាแแាแាแាแแៈแแแ់แេแាแីแ្แុแแាแៈแ្แួแแា
แេแាแី
แិแแขាแ
แขแុแ្แាแแฒ្แแ្แើแាแแែแ្แុแแ្แแแ័แ្แแៃแាแแោแแแោแ
แ៉ឺแแ៉ាแ់แូแแាแแ្แแិแ
្แ
แៃแិแ្แាแីแៈ។ แขแ្แแាแแแ៍แែแแេះ
แាแแាแแฒ្แแាแแាแแ្แុแแ្แแ័แ្แแាแីแំแុแ។
แ្แแាแแแៈแេแាแីแ្แូแแែแាแแแួแแំแឹแแិแ្แោះแោแแ់แាแុแแ្แុแแឿแ
แេះ แើแแែแแែแុំแាแแแ្แแាแ។
แាแแីแ្แៃแីแจ แុแ្แៈ แแ្แแแ្แ្แីแ្แแួแแ័แ៌แាแ แោแ แៀแ แាแាแីแ្แ
แាแแ្แแ្แแ្แាแแេแ
แ្แីแូแแំแឹแแួแแแ់แข្แแแាแែแ
แាแិแេแแាแแแ្แាแីแแិแ្แុ แូแแแ្แแ៍
แែแแាแแแ្แแិแីแ្แแ្แแ្แាแแ
្แាแ់ แិแแแแ្แាแแ
្แាแ់
แฒ្แแាแ់แាแ្แแขแ្แើแแข្แแแ
្แាแ់ แេแាแី แើแ្แីแ្แើแាแាแ្แិแ
แ្แូแแ្แแแាแ់แាแแុំแขแ្แើแแោះ แាแแแៈแេแាแី។ แាแแ្แแ្แแ្แាแแេះ
แ្แើแกើแแ្แោแแេแแแៈแេแាแីแាแแ្แើแិแិแแែแាំแួแแាแ់แแแឿแ
แแ្แាแแ៍แេแាแីแេះ แាแแីแ្แៃแីแขแข แแแា។
แោแ แឹแ แាแី แាแេแាแី แិแแាแข្แแแាំแាแ្แแแៈแេแាแីแแ្แុแា
แាแแ្แแាแแ៍แៅแ្แៃแីแกแก แុแ្แៈ แា
แាแแែแាំแฒ្แแแ្แឹแแិแ័แแេแាแីแ្แុแแាแแិแាแแាแួแแ្แแ័แ្แ
แ្แแ្แแ្แាแแេះ แើแ្แីแฒ្แแាแแแแ្แាแแំแ្แឺแ
្แាแ់แាแា
แាแแ្แឹแแ្แូแ។
แោแ แឹแ แាแី៖ «แោแแាแแេแាแីแែแแិแាแแាแแិแ្แុ
แិแแូแแแ្แแ៍แួแแ
ំแួแแេះ แឺแិแាแแขแ់แាแแ្แាแแុแ។
แข៊ីแ
ឹแแាแแាแិแាแแขแ់แាแแ្แាแแុแ
แឺแាแាแแแแិแាแแៅแแ់แข្แแแ្แាแ់ แข្แแแើแ។ แីแข
แាแ៉ះแាแ់แៅแแ់แข្แแแ
្แាแ់ แែแแេแឹแแែแ แ ើแแេแា
แាแแแแ្แាแแ
្แាแ់แេះแិแแ្แឹแแ្แូแ។ แីแฃ แិแ្แុ แូแแแ្แแ៍ แ ៅ
แោแแขแ់แាแแ្แាแแុแ។ แាแแขแ់แាแแ្แាแแុแแេះ
แ្แើแฒ្แแ្แแាแแแแ្แแួแแ
ំแួแแแ់แា
แើแแឹแแើแแ្แแ់แ័แ៌แាแแขแ់แាแแ្แឹแแ្แូแ»។
แោแแេแាแី แឹแ แាแី แាแแ
្แាแแ
ោแแ
ំแោះแข្แแแ្แះแ
ោแแ្แแាแ់แា
แាแแុំแួแแេแាแីแាแแแៈแแៈแេแាแី แាแាแែแแแแាแិแាแិแแេแ្แ
แាแាแាแแแ់แុแ។
แោแแេแាแី แឹแ แាแី แាแข្แแแាំแាแ្แแแៈแេแាแីแាแแฒ្แแឹแแា
แើแិแแាแេแាแីแូแแាแិแแោแแแាแแាแแែแាំแแแ់แแៈแេแាแី
แข្แแแោះแ្แូแแ្แแแแាแួแแាแแាแ់แិแ័แแាแិแแាแ។
แាแแីแ្แៃแីแฃแก แแแា แแ្แแแៅ
แแៈแេแាแីแាแแ
េแแ្แាแแិแិแแ្แแាแแួแแ
្แាแ់แៅแើแោแแេแាแី แួแ
แុแแា แ
ំแោះแแแ្แแាแแ្แแ់แแแแ្แាแแ៍ แិแแ
ុះแ្แាแแ័แ៌แាแแ្แេแแ
แៅแាแแំแ័แแាแแ័แ៌แាแ แែแแាแแំแោแแើแាแ្แា แกแฅ แៃแ្แแแីแแแ៌แេแាแី។
แិแិแแែแแ
ុះแ แ្แแេแាแោแแោแ แ៊ុแ แ ុแ แ្แแាแแแៈแេแាแី
แាแแแ្แแ់แ្แแ់แា แ
ាแ់แីแេแแេះแៅ
แោแแេแាแីแិแแ្แូแแ្แแ់แแแแ្แាแแ៍
แិแแ
ុះแ្แាแแ័แ៌แាแแ្แេแแแាแ់แ័แ្แแឹแแិแ្แាแីแៈแេแាแីแៅแាแ
แแ្แាแแាแแ័แ៌แាแแាแា แោแแ្แាแแាแแขแុแ្แាแแីแแៈแេแាแីแกើแ។
แแៈ แេแាแីแឺแាแ្แាแ័แแ្แแ់แ្แแแข្แแแ្แแแแិแ្แាแីแៈแេแាแីแៅแ្แแេแ แแ្แុแា។ แេแាแីแែแแขាแ แំแេแแុแแាแแ្แុแแាแแាแแាแแាแแូแแ្แីแ្แแแ ្แាแ់ แាแ แាแ់แែแាแแាแិแแแៈแេแាแី៕
แแៈ แេแាแីแឺแាแ្แាแ័แแ្แแ់แ្แแแข្แแแ្แแแแិแ្แាแីแៈแេแាแីแៅแ្แแេแ แแ្แុแា។ แេแាแីแែแแขាแ แំแេแแុแแាแแ្แុแแាแแាแแាแแាแแូแแ្แីแ្แแแ ្แាแ់ แាแ แាแ់แែแាแแាแិแแแៈแេแាแី៕
แข្แแแ្แាំแើแแិแ្แិแแុแ្แแ្แแិแแ្แแៅแោแแាแแ៍แ្แីแแ្แូแแฒ្แแេแាแីแុំแាแแขแុแ្แាแแុแแ្แើแขแិแ្แាแ
- Tuesday, 12 February 2013
- Abby Seiff & แាแ แ ័แ្แแីแា
- แ្แំแេแៈ
แ្แុแแข្แแแ្แាំแើแแិแ្แិแแុแ្แแិះแแ់แោแแាแแ៍แ្แីแแแ់
แแៈแេแាแីแแ្แុแាแែแแแ្แូแแฒ្แแេแាแីแแួแแាแแាแแขแុแ្แាแแាแុแแិแ แុแแេแแ្แើแាแแขแ្แាแិแ្แាแแាแាแាแแៈแៅแាแแូแแแ្แแ៍ แฌแិแ្แុ
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แแ្แ្แីแแៈแេแាแីแแ្แុแាแាแแ្แែแแាแแីแ្แៃแុแ្แแា แแៈแេแាแីแាแแ្แแាแแូแแោแแាแแ៍แ្แីแែแแាแแแ្แុแំแแแ្แើแฒ្แ แ្แแើแแกើแแូแแិแ្แាแីแៈแេแាแី។
แោแ แីแ แាแី แข្แแแាំแាแ្แแแៈแេแាแីแាแแើแแกើแแា แេ แាแីแាំแแกាแแាแែแแ្แែแแแแ្แើแขแ្แាแិแ្แាแแ៊ីแแ្แៅแាแแแៈ แូแแแ្แแ៍ แฌแិแ្แុแ្แូแแែแแួแแាแแាแแขแុแ្แាแแាแុแแិแ แแៈ แេแแแ្แាแแាแแ័แ៌แាแแាแួแแ แ់แ្แែแแแแាแ្แិแแៅแិแាแ្แា แขំแីแ ្แាแ់แួแแ្แូแแ្แแแាแ់แแៈแេแាแីแែแ។ แេះแើแោแแាแแេแ แ្แីแ្แែแแាแแ៍แែแแាแแ្แើแៅแ្แแួแแ័แ៌แាแแៅ แ្แៃแុแ្แ។
แข្แแแាំแាแ្แแូแแេះแាแแแ្แแ់แា៖«แើแាแแขแ្แាแិแ្แាแแแแ់แข្แแ แ្แាแ แฌแូแ แាแ แข្แแแិแแ ាំแាแ ់แ្แแแាแ់แាแแขแុแ្แាแแោះแេ។ แงแាแ แแ៍៖ «แុแាแាแแើแแแแាแាแแាแ់แោแแុแแแ្แាแ់แฒ្แแាแ់แុแแฃแ្แាំ แូแ ្แេះแข្แแแាแแ័แ៌แាแแួแแួแแា แข្แីแៅแែแแេแាแីแិแ? แេแាแីแួแแ្แើแแា แាแขแុแ្แិแแ៌ แ ើแแ្แុំแឹแแ្แឹแแงแ្แแแ៍។ แើแแិแแขីแេแ ំแោះแេแ แ្แីแ្แែแแាแแ៍แែแแេះ។ แ៉ុแ្แែแើแข្แแแិแាแ แា แขូ! แាแแ្แแแឺแขแុแ្แិแแ៌แ ំแោះแូแแ្แីแ្แុំ។ แូแแ្แីแแแ់แ្แុំแិแแាแแ្แแ្แឹแ្แแុแแេ แ ើแแិแាแแ ្แើแแាแแข្แីแែแแាแแ្แแแแ្แេแ แោះ แាแាแแ័แแា แข្แแแំแោแแំแាแแើแាแแ្แแแ ើแแขាแ แាแាแแ្แแแแឹแแแ្แแแ្แ แงแ្แិแ្แ»។
แោแ แ៊ុแ แ ៊ុแ แ្แแាแแแៈ แេแាแីแแ្แុแាแែแแាแแ្แแាแแីแិแាแแាแแៅแ្แុแแិแ ្แ แ្แแុំแាแ แីแ្แៃแុแ្แแแិแេแแ្แើแขแ្แាแិแ្แាแแាแแីแ្แិแแិแแោแแោแแ្แាแ់แែ แ្แែแแា แោแแឹแแិแាแแៅแាแ់แข្แแแាแแ័แ៌แាแแขំแกុแแេแแแ្แិแីแแាแแ័แ៌แាแ។
แข្แแแ្แាំแើแแិแ្แិแแុแ្แ แិแ แข្แแแំแាแแ្แែแแ ្แាแ់แាแแ ៅแោแแាแแ៍แ្แីแេះแា แាแាแแិแแ្แិแแ្แំแែแแិแ្แិแេแាแីแ្แុแแាแแแ្แ េแแแិ។
แោแ แข៊ូ แីแៈ แ្แแាแแแ្แแแ្แแแិแ្แិแแុแ្แแแ្แុแា แាแแិแាแแា៖ «แាแិแแ្แឹแแែแិแแ្แแแាแแแ្แแแ្แแុแ្แ แ៉ុแ្แោះแេ แ៉ុแ្แែแែแแាំแแំแោแแើแแ្แแแិแ្แិแแុแ្แแាំแแូแ។ แាแแ្แแ់แ្แแแោแแขแ្แាแ្แឹแแแแ់แแៈแេแាแីแฅแกូแแំแុแแែแแ់แ្แោแ»។
แแៈแេแាแីแាแแាแ់แំแាแ់ แើแេแាแីแแ្แแแแ។ แាแ់แ្แែแแ្แីแแ្แឺแំแុแแោះแឺแแៈแេแាแីแ្แូแแាแแ ោแแ្แแាแ់แោแ แ្แុแ แข្แแแិแ្แិแแុแ្แแា แាแแំแាแแំแ ែแแแ្แេแแ េแแេแាแី แែแแាแ់แ័แ្แแឹแแแ្แឹแแแ្แូแ แេแ្แិ៍แ្แោះแាแแីแ្แាំแขแ แ แฉ แោแแแាแិแแแាแแៈแแ្แแแ แแ្แ៊ី แោแแ្แី แូแ แុแแ ួแแ្แแាំแแឹแแោแแាแแแแ្แแแ្แ្แី แ ៊ុแ แែแ។ แោแแ្แូแแាแแแ្แំแฒ្แแ្แแแแឹแแขแិแាแ แិแ ្แ แแแ់แแៈแេแាแីแាแ ្แើแแើแ แុแแេแแោแแាแแแแ្แแแ្แ្แីแាแ់แแ្แឹแแ្แแាំแแិแแោแ แแ แំแข៊ុแ แេแាแីแแแ់แោแแ្แី แូแ แុแแ ួแ แាแแោះแแ់แ ោแแឿแแ្แីแแ៊ើแแ្แាំแแំแុแแោះ។
แាំแแាแ្แแแ្แឹแ แិแแขแិแាแ แិแ ្แ แ្แូแแាแแោះแแ់แ ោแ แแ្แាแ់แីแោแแំแข៊ុแแាแแ្แើแិแិแแុំแោแแួแแៅแាแแแแ្แ แแ្แ្แីแ ៊ុแ แែแ แ ើแแិแแាแแេแាแីแាแ្แាแ់แแ្แแាแ់แឿแแ្แីแ៏แឹแแែแแេះแេ។
แข្แแแ្แាំ แើแแាแแแ់แแ្แាแ់แា แោแแាแแ៍แឹแแแ្แឹแแេះแขាแ แឹแแាแแฅแ្แិแแแ្แាំแแើแេแាแីแាแข្แแ แិះแแ់แ្แាំแแแោแแฅแแំแ ៃแขំแីแแแីแិแ្แិแแុแ្แ แិแแแោแាแแាแួแแแ្แាแិแាแ។ แាแแីแុแแแៈแេแាแីแាแแ្แែแแแแើแแแ្แាแូแแាแแ្แแ់แ្แแแ៏แឹแ แែแ។ แงแាแ แแ៍៖ แាแแីแ្แាំแขแ แ แง แោแแាแแ៍แួแแាแแាแแាแแฒ្แแขแ្แแាแแ្แៅแแ្แាแិแាแแ ុះแขแុแ្แแแៈแោแ แแ់แ្แាแាแួแแแៈแេแាแីแុแแេแแแ្แើแេแា แាแแាแแេแាแីแแแ់แួแแេ។
แแ្แឹแแាแួแแ្แាแោแ แាแី แាแแាแแាแแោแแាแแ៍แ្แីแេះแោแแិแាแแា แាแាแាแแ ាំแាแ ់แាแ់แើแ្แីแាแแแ្แិแแៃแិแ្แាแីแៈแោแแោแ แឿแ แាแแាแិแ្แ แ្แแាแแិแ្แាแ្แាแแแ្แុแាแើแ្แីแាแแិแ្แាแាแแ័แ៌แាแแាแแិแាแแា แោแแាแแ៍แេះแឺแ្แះแแแ្แแាแ។
แោแแា៖ «แ្แុំแិแแា แាแិแแ្แแ់แ្แាแ់แើแ្แីแ្แាแแំแ្แឺแីแแ្แាแแាแួแแ ំแោះแេแាแី แាแួแแ្แាแ់ แែแแិแแាแแិแាแแៅแាแ់แាแแ័แ៌แាแ แฌแាแាแแៈแោះ។ แ្แុំแិแแា แេះแាแំแូแ៏แ្แขแួแแែแแើแแ្แូแแាแแេแីแាแแ ្แាแ់แ័แ៌แាแ แើแ្แីแแ្แាแ់แា แុแ្แแแ្แាแ់แាំแแេแាแី แฌแแាแិแแแ្แាแិแាแแ្แូแแែแขแុแ្แាแแฒ្แแแ្แ េแแแិแแแ់แេ។ แេแាแីแួแแាแแេแីแាแแแ្แ េแแแិแแแ់แេแោแแ្แขែแแើแាแ្แាแីแฃแก แិแแคแกแៃแแ្แแแ្แแុแ្แแแ្แុแា»។
แោแ Phil Robertson แขแុแ្แแាแแ្แែแแข្แแแ្แាំแើแแិแ្แិแแុแ្แ แ្แแ ាំแขាแ៊ីแាแแ แ្แขុแแแ្แ ាแแា แោแแាแแ៍แេះแូแ แាแាแแ្แแแแឹแแขแុแแ្แាแขแ្แแแាแិแែแ แแ្แុแាแាแ្แแេแแ แ្แแេแីแួแ។ แោแแា៖«แោแแាแแ៍แ្แីแแแ់แแៈ แេแាแីแแ្แុแាแិแแាแ្แแាំแแឹแแขแុแแ្แាแិแ្แិแแុแ្แแែแแแ្แុแាแា แ្แแេแแ แ្แแេแីแួแ แិแแ្แើแฒ្แแាแแេแ្แិ៍แ្แោះแขแ់แแแ្แแแាំแแំแាแแើแីแិแិแីแ ្แាแ់ »។
แោះแាแ៉ាแแាแាំแแแៈแេแាแី แិแแ្แแួแแ័แ៌แាแแាแแแแ្แាแแ ំแោះแាแแិះแแ់แោแแើแแกើแแា แាแាแាแแแ់แ ្แแกំแើแោแแាแแ៍แេះ។
แោแ แាแី แាแแិแាแแា៖«แแៈแេแាแីแោแแแេแីแាแแៃแាแแแ្แ េแแแិ แ៉ុแ្แែแាแ្แូแแាแแែแแំแแ់แ ំแោះแាแแแួแแុแ แ្แូแ។ แแ្แាแแแแ់แើแแិแแាแแ េแแាแាแ់แแ្แแแេแីแាแแៃแាแแិแាแแแแ់ แេแាแីแោះแេ»។ แោแ แៀแ แាแាแីแ្แ แแ្แแแ្แ្แីแ្แแួแแ័แ៌แាแแ ្แាแ แ ោแแែแแា แ្แាแแ ាแแ ្แាแ់ แោះ แោแแោแแិแាแแាแាแแួแแា ៖«แแៈแេแាแីแិแแាแแ ាแแាแแោះแេ»៕ CC
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